The Chandra Deep Field South: Optical Spectroscopy I

Abstract

We present the results of our spectroscopic follow-up program of the X-ray sources detected in the 942 ks exposure of the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS). 288 possible counterparts were observed at the VLT with the FORS1/FORS2 spectrographs for 251 of the 349 Chandra sources (including three additional faint X-ray sources). Spectra and R-band images are shown for all the observed sources and R-K colours are given for most of them. Spectroscopic redshifts were obtained for 168 X-ray sources, of which 137 have both reliable optical identification and redshift estimate (including 16 external identifications). The R<24 observed sample comprises 161 X-ray objects (181 optical counterparts) and 126 of them have unambiguous spectroscopic identification. We introduce a new classification based solely on X-ray properties, HR and X-ray luminosity, consistent with the unified AGN model. This X-ray classification uncovers a large fraction of optically obscured, X-ray luminous AGNs missed by the classical optical classification.

Accepted for publication in ApJ supplement. Full version is available from http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~mainieri/cdfs_pub/

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• Deep GMRT 610 MHz Observations of the ELAIS N1 Field : Catalogue and Source Counts
• A LABOCA survey of the Extended Chandra Deep Field South - submillimeter properties of near-IR selected galaxies
• Obscured GOODS AGN and Their Host Galaxies at z < 1.25: The Slow Black Hole Growth Phase
• Evolution of Lyman Alpha Galaxies: Stellar Populations at z ~ 0.3
• The OPTX Project IV: How Reliable is [OIII] as a Measure of AGN Activity?
• Merging Galaxies in Goods-s: First Extragalactic Results from Keck Laser Adaptive Optics
• Deep Keck u-band imaging of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: A catalog of z~3 Lyman Break Galaxies
• A comparative analysis of virial black-hole mass estimates of moderate-luminosity active galactic nuclei using Subaru/FMOS
• The Calan-Yale Deep Extragalactic Research (CYDER) Survey: Optical Properties and Deep Spectroscopy of Serendipitous X-ray Sources
• Mergers and interactions in SDSS type 2 quasars at z~0.3-0.4. SDSS J143027.66-005614.8: a case study
• AEGIS: Radio and Mid-Infrared Selection of Obscured AGN Candidates
• Eddington ratios of faint AGN at intermediate redshift: Evidence for a population of half-starved black holes
• Variability and Multiwavelength Detected AGN in the GOODS Fields
• AEGIS: A Multi-wavelength Study of Spitzer Power-law Galaxies
• NuSTAR unveils a heavily obscured low-luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 6286
• Nature of Faint Radio Sources in GOODS-North and GOODS-South Fields - I. Spectral Index and Radio-FIR Correlation
• NuSTAR J033202-2746.8: direct constraints on the Compton reflection in a heavily obscured quasar at z~2
• The Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction of Galaxies and AGN in the GOODS Fields
• Evidence for Widespread AGN Activity among Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z ~ 2
• The Iron Line Background
• Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Observations of Escaping Lyman Continuum Radiation from Galaxies and Weak AGN at Redshifts $z$$\simeq$2.3-4.1
• Evidence for Morphology and Luminosity Transformation of Galaxies at High Redshifts
• Lyman-Alpha Emitter Galaxies at z ~ 2.8 in the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South: I. Tracing the Large-Scale Structure via Lyman-Alpha Imaging
• A Faint Flux-Limited Lyman Alpha Emitter Sample at $z\sim 0.3$
• Redshifts of Emission Line Objects in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• The Nature of Blue Early-Type Galaxies in the Goods Fields
• Triggered or Self-Regulated Star Formation within Intermediate Redshift Luminous Infrared Galaxies (I). Morphologies and Spatially Resolved Spectral Energy Distributions
• The evolution of Ks-selected galaxies in the GOODS/CDFS deep ISAAC field
• The Properties and Redshift Evolution of Intermediate-Luminosity Off-Nuclear X-ray Sources in the Chandra Deep Fields
• Luminosity Dependent X-ray AGN Clustering ?
• The XMM deep survey in the CDF-S II. a 9-20 keV selection of heavily obscured active galaxies at z>1.7
• Identifying high redshift AGNs using X-ray hardness
• Deep GMOS Spectroscopy of Extremely Red Galaxies in GOODS-South: Ellipticals, Mergers and Red Spirals at 1<z<2
• Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 Early Release Science: Emission-Line Galaxies from Infrared Grism Observations
• Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in the Sculptor Supercluster
• The XMM-Newton Needles in the Haystack Survey: the local X-ray luminosity function of 'normal' galaxies
• The X-ray luminosity function of AGN at z~3
• A Plethora of AGN Among Lyman Alpha Galaxies at Low Redshift
• A search for variable and transient radio sources in the extended Chandra Deep Field South at 5.5 GHz
• Blank Field Sources in the ROSAT HRI Brera Multiscale Wavelet catalog
• SUPER V. ALMA continuum observations of z~2 AGN and the elusive evidence of outflows influencing star formation
• The galaxy luminosity function and its evolution with Chandra
• XMM-Newton 13H Deep field - I. X-ray sources
• Chandra Multiwavelength Project: Normal Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift
• The X-ray background and the deep X-ray surveys
• "Hidden" Seyfert 2 Galaxies in the Chandra Deep Field North
• The Number Density of Intermediate and High Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei at z~2-3
• Chandra and Spitzer observations of CDFS X-ray obscured QSOs
• A Flux-Limited Sample of z~1 Ly-alpha Emitting Galaxies in the CDFS
• The Stellar Mass Evolution of Galaxies in the NICMOS Ultra Deep Field
• Evidence of a link between the evolution of clusters and their AGN fraction
• Star formation and quenching among the most massive galaxies at z~1.7
• The OPTX Project III: X-ray versus Optical Spectral Type for AGNs
• Optical colours of AGN in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Obscured black holes in early type galaxies
• X-ray absorption in distant type II QSOs
• Observational constraints on the physics behind the evolution of AGN since z ~ 1
• Obscured and powerful AGN and starburst activities at z~3.5
• Tracing the Nuclear Accretion History of the Red Galaxy Population
• Reconstructing the observed ionizing photon production efficiency at z~2 using stellar population models
• Quantifying the suppression of the (un)-obscured star formation in galaxy cluster cores at 0.2$\lesssim$$z$$\lesssim$0.9
• The Chandra Deep Group Survey -- cool core evolution in groups and clusters of galaxies
• Emission line activity in type 2 quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The VLA survey of the Chandra Deep Field South III: X-ray spectral properties of radio sources
• Photometric Classification of 2315 Pan-STARRS1 Supernovae with Superphot
• The evolution of the scatter of the cosmic average color-magnitude relation: Demonstrating consistency with the ongoing formation of elliptical galaxies
• Correcting second-order contamination in low-resolution spectra
• ALMA resolves extended star formation in high-z AGN host galaxies
• Optical Variability of Infrared Power Law-Selected Galaxies & X-ray Sources in the GOODS-South Field
• X-ray redshifts for obscured AGN: a case study in the J1030 deep field
• An FMOS Survey of moderate-luminosity broad-line AGN in COSMOS, SXDS and E-CDF-S
• The evolution of the AGN content in groups up to z~1
• A z=3.045 Lyman alpha emitting halo hosting a QSO and a possible candidate for AGN-triggered star-formation
• Clustering of Intermediate Luminosity X-ray selected AGN at z~3
• Why Optically--Faint AGN Are Faint: The Spitzer Perspective
• The Nature of Blue Cores in Spheroids: a Possible Connection with AGN and Star Formation
• The bulge-disk decomposition of AGN host galaxies
• Unveiling the nature of 11 dusty star-forming galaxies at the peak of cosmic star formation history
• Overdensities of galaxies at z ~ 3.7 in CDF-S
• Using the 1.6um Bump to Study Rest-frame NIR Selected Galaxies at Redshift 2
• The impact of JWST broad-band filter choice on photometric redshift estimation
• CHILES VERDES: Radio variability at an unprecedented depth and cadence in the COSMOS field
• The HELLAS2XMM survey. IX. Spectroscopic identification of super-EROs hosting AGNs
• Multiwavelength Study of X-ray Selected Star Forming Galaxies within the Chandra Deep Field South
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey. Discovery of a 15 kpc-long gas plume in a $z=4.54$ Lyman-$\alpha$ blob
• The BLAST 250-micron selected galaxy population in GOODS-South
• Optical and infrared properties of active galactic nuclei in the Lockman Hole
• Photometric Redshifts with Surface Brightness Priors
• BH Accretion in Low-Mass Galaxies Since z~1
• Host Galaxies of the High-redshift AGNs in the GOODS Fields
• Molecular gas in type 2 quasars at z~0.2-0.3
• The candidate cluster and protocluster catalog (CCPC) of spectroscopically identified structures spanning $2.74<z<3.71$
• The Gaia spectrophotometric standard stars survey -II. Instrumental effects of six ground-based observing campaigns
• X-ray observations of sub-mm LABOCA galaxies in the eCDFS
• Faint COSMOS AGN at z~3.3 - I. Black Hole Properties and Constraints on Early Black Hole Growth
• A Submillimeter Perspective on the GOODS Fields (SUPER GOODS). V. Deep 450 Micron Imaging
• X-ray Absorption in Type II Quasars: Implications for the Equatorial Paradigm of Broad Absorption Line Quasars
• Evidence for Reduced Specific Star Formation Rates in the Centers of Massive Galaxies at z = 4
• Radio observations of the CDF-South: a possible link between radio emission and star formation in X-ray selected AGN
• Using VO tools to investigate distant radio starbursts hosting obscured AGN in the HDF(N) region
• An ALMA view of 11 Dusty Star Forming Galaxies at the peak of Cosmic Star Formation History
• The XMM deep survey in the CDFS XI. X-ray properties of 185 bright sources
• The VLA Frontier Field Survey: A Comparison of the Radio and UV/optical size of $0.3\lesssim z\lesssim 3$ star-forming galaxies
• Galaxy morphoto-Z with neural Networks (GaZNets). I. Optimized accuracy and outlier fraction from Imaging and Photometry
• Mining for normal galaxies in the First XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalog
• The XMM-Newton deep survey in the CDF-S VI. Obscured AGN selected as infrared power-law galaxies
• An X-ray bright ERO hosting a type 2 QSO
• Probing the Timescale of the 1.4 GHz Radio emissions as a Star formation tracer
• A new sample of X-ray selected narrow emission-line galaxies. II. Looking for True Seyfert 2
• The XMM Deep survey in the CDFS V. Iron K lines from active galactic nuclei in the distant Universe
• The Stellar Age Dependence of X-ray Emission from Normal Star-Forming Galaxies in the GOODS Fields
• The Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction of Star-forming Galaxies at $2.4\lesssim z\lesssim 3.0$ from UVCANDELS
• The spatial distribution of X-ray selected AGN in the Chandra deep fields: a theoretical perspective
• The Cosmic History of Hot Gas Cooling and Radio AGN Activity in Massive Early-Type Galaxies
• The role of major mergers in the size growth of intermediate-mass spheroids
• The XMM-Newton Survey in the Marano Field I. The X-ray data and optical follow-up
• Spectroscopic follow-up of variability-selected active galactic nuclei in the Chandra Deep Field South
• Variability-selected low-luminosity active galactic nuclei candidates in the 7 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South
• A Generalized Power-Law Diagnostic for Infrared Galaxies at z>1: Active Galactic Nuclei and Hot Interstellar Dust
• A Submillimeter Perspective on the GOODS Fields (SUPER GOODS) - II. The High Radio Power Population in the GOODS-N
• The Nature of the Faint Low-Frequency Radio Source Population
• Spectral Energy Distributions of type 2 QSOs: obscured star formation at high redshifts
• AGN Unification at z ~ 1: u - R Colors and Gradients in X-ray AGN Hosts
• The Wavelength Dependence of High-Redshift Galaxy Structure in the Rest-Frame Ultraviolet
• An X-ray underluminous cluster of galaxies in the 4Ms CDFS observations
• A multi-wavelength approach to the properties of Extremely Red Galaxy populations: I - Contribution to the Star Formation Rate density and AGN content
• Properties of X-ray selected Broad Absorption Line Quasars
• Listening to galaxies tuning at z ~ 2.5 - 3.0: The first strikes of the Hubble fork
• A Submillimeter Perspective on the GOODS Fields (SUPER GOODS). IV. The Submillimeter Properties of X-ray Sources in the CDF-S
• On the Impact of Inclination-Dependent Attenuation on Derived Star Formation Histories: Results from Disk Galaxies in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey Fields
• The nature of the red disk-like galaxies at high redshift: dust attenuation and intrinsically red stellar populations
• The dependency of AGN infrared color-selection on source luminosity and obscuration: An observational perspective in CDFS and COSMOS
• Physical properties of the CDFS X-ray sources through fitting spectral energy distributions
• The OTELO survey. III. Demography, morphology, IR luminosity and environment of AGN hosts
• The ATLAS 9.0 GHz Survey of the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: The Faint 9.0 GHz Radio Population
• Bulgeless Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift: Sample Selection, Colour Properties, and the Existence of Powerful AGN
• The XMM Deep Survey in the CDF-S VII. UV catalogue of the Optical Monitor observations
• A slitless spectroscopic survey for quasars near quasars
• The molecular gas content of ULIRG type 2 quasars at z < 1
• Relativistic outflow in CXO CDFS J033260.0-274748
• Mass-dependent Color Evolution of Field Galaxies Back to z~3 Over the Wide Range of Stellar Mass
• The impact of medium-width bands on the selection, and subsequent luminosity function measurements, of high-z galaxies
• Emission line selected galaxies at $z=0.6-2$ in GOODS South: Stellar masses, SFRs, and large scale structure
• A New Physical Picture for AGNs Lacking Optical Emission Lines
• Characterization of AGN and their hosts in the Extended Groth Strip: a multiwavelength analysis
• Most hard X-ray selected quasars in Chandra Deep Fields are obscured
• Lightning: An X-ray to Submillimeter Galaxy SED-Fitting Code With Physically-Motivated Stellar, Dust, and AGN Models
• The Ly$\alpha$, CIV, and HeII nebulae around J1000+0234: a galaxy pair at the center of a galaxy overdensity at $z=4.5$
• Constraining Torus Models for AGNs Using X-Ray Observations
• Galaxy luminosity functions at redshifts 0.6 to 1.2 in the Chandra Deep Field South
• Revisiting the Color-Color Selection: Submillimeter and AGN Properties of NUV-r-J Selected Quiescent Galaxies
• A low mass cluster of extremely red galaxies at z=1.10 in the GOODS Southern Field
• Formation of the First Black Holes: Current observational status
• Spatially Resolved Stellar Populations of Eight GOODS-South AGN at z~1
• The Impact of Dust in Host Galaxies on Quasar Luminosity Functions
• A study on the Clustering Properties of Radio-Selected sources in the Lockman Hole Region at 325 MHz
• Near-Infrared Properties of Faint X-rays Sources from NICMOS Imaging in the Chandra Deep Fields
• Physical Properties, Star Formation, and Active Galactic Nucleus Activity in Balmer Break Galaxies at 0 < z < 1
• Multi-wavelength Selected Compton-thick AGNs in Chandra Deep Field-South Survey
• The XMM deep survey in the CDF-S VIII. X-ray properties of the two brightest sources
• The first optical validation of an XLEO: a detection in the XMM-Newton observation of the CDFS
• An X-ray Survey in SA 57 with XMM-Newton
• On the nature of red galaxies: the Chandra perspective
• A Panchromatic Catalog of Early-Type Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift in the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Early Release Science Field
• The XMM deep survey in the CDF-S. X. X-ray variability of bright sources
• A Calibration of NICMOS Camera 2 for Low Count-Rates
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: Average radio spectral energy distribution of active galactic nuclei
• Evolution of supermassive black holes
• 2mm Observations and the Search for High-Redshift Dusty Star-forming Galaxies
• Tracing Recent Star Formation of Red Early-type Galaxies out to $z$ $\sim$ 1
• Spitzer's View of the Candidate Cluster and Protocluster Catalog (CCPC)
• The spin of late-type galaxies at redshifts z < 1.2
• Relativistic Outflows in two quasars in the Chandra Deep Field South
• Identifying type II quasars at intermediate redshift with few-shot learning photometric classification
• On the nature of high X-ray luminosities in SDSS galaxies
• Assessing model-based carbon and oxygen abundance derivation from ultraviolet emission lines in AGNs
• CLAP. I. Resolving miscalibration for deep learning-based galaxy photometric redshift estimation
• X-ray Identifications of FIRST Radio Sources in the xBootes Field
• X-ray Survey Results on Active Galaxy Physics and Evolution
• The Lockman--SpReSO project. Main properties of infrared selected star-forming galaxies
• The redshift distribution of the X-ray background
• Hosts of Type II Quasars: an HST Study
• Through the fog: a complementary optical galaxy classification scheme for 'intermediate' redshifts
• The XMM-SSC survey of hard-spectrum XMM-Newton sources 1: optically bright sources
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). XIV. A Candidate Type-II Quasar at z=6.1292
• On the Origin of the Strong Optical Variability of Emission-line Galaxies
• CHILES X: Molecular and atomic gas at intermediate redshift
• The Faintest, Extremely Variable X-ray Tidal Disruption Event from a Supermassive Black Hole Binary?
• The Lockman-SpReSO project. Galactic flows in a sample of far-infrared galaxies
• X-ray sources in the 1.75 Ms Ultra Narrow Deep Field observed by XMM-Newton
• A multiwavelength study of near- and mid-infrared selected galaxies at high redshift: ERGs, AGN-identification and the contribution from dust
• On the Exotic Hard X-ray Source Populations in the Hellas2XMM survey
• Evolution of the infrared luminosity density and star formation history up to z~1: preliminary results from MIPS
• The cosmic environment overtakes the local density in shaping galaxy star formation
• The large-scale structure in the Chandra Deep Field South