The Chandra Deep Group Survey -- cool core evolution in groups and clusters of galaxies

Abstract

We report the results of a study which assembles deep observations with the ACIS-I instrument on the Chandra Observatory to study the evolution in the core properties of a sample of galaxy groups and clusters out to redshifts $z\approx 1.3$. A search for extended objects within these fields yields a total of 62 systems for which redshifts are available, and we added a further 24 non-X-ray-selected clusters, to investigate the impact of selection effects and improve our statistics at high redshift. Six different estimators of cool core strength are applied to these data: the entropy (K) and cooling time ($t_{cool}$) within the cluster core, the cooling time as a fraction of the age of the Universe ($t_{cool}/t_{Uni}$), and three estimators based on the cuspiness of the X-ray surface brightness profile. A variety of statistical tests are used to quantify evolutionary trends in these cool core indicators. In agreement with some previous studies, we find that there is significant evolution in $t_{cool}/t_{Uni}$, but little evolution in $t_{cool}$, suggesting that gas is accumulating within the core, but that the cooling time deep in the core is controlled by AGN feedback. We show that this result extends down to the group regime and appears to be robust against a variety of selection biases (detection bias, archival biases and biases due to the presence of central X-ray AGN) which we consider.

Accepted by MNRAS, 24 pages, 11 figures

References in corpus (120)

• Chandra sample of nearby relaxed galaxy clusters: mass, gas fraction, and mass-temperature relation
• Heating Hot Atmospheres with Active Galactic Nuclei
• A Systematic Study of Radio-Induced X-ray Cavities in Clusters, Groups, and Galaxies
• Tracing cosmic evolution with clusters of galaxies
• The 10 Meter South Pole Telescope
• Mechanical Feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei in Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters
• Galaxy cluster X-ray luminosity scaling relations from a representative local sample (REXCESS)
• Chandra X-ray Observations of the Hydra A Cluster: An Interaction Between the Radio Source and the X-Ray-Emitting Gas
• A New Method For Galaxy Cluster Detection I: The Algorithm
• Improved constraints on dark energy from Chandra X-ray observations of the largest relaxed galaxy clusters
• Chandra imaging of the complex X-ray core of the Perseus cluster
• Properties of the Intracluster Medium in an Ensemble of Nearby Galaxy Clusters
• The Chandra Deep Field South: Optical Spectroscopy I
• A MaxBCG Catalog of 13,823 Galaxy Clusters from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The Feedback-Regulated Growth of Black Holes and Bulges through Gas Accretion and Starbursts in Cluster Central Dominant Galaxies
• Intracluster Medium Entropy Profiles for a Chandra Archival Sample of Galaxy Clusters
• The Imprint of Galaxy Formation on X-ray Clusters
• What is a Cool-Core Cluster? A Detailed Analysis of the Cores of the X-ray Flux-Limited HIFLUGCS Cluster Sample
• Planck Early Results VIII: The all-sky Early Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster sample
• A ROSAT study of the cores of clusters of galaxies - I. Cooling flows in an X-ray flux-limited sample
• The 2-8 keV cosmic X-ray background spectrum as observed with XMM-Newton
• A Catalog of 200 Galaxy Clusters Serendipitously Detected in the ROSAT PSPC Pointed Observations
• A Catalog of Galaxy Clusters Observed by XMM-Newton
• A catalog of 132,684 clusters of galaxies identified from Sloan Digital Sky Survey III
• Details of the mass--temperature relation for clusters of galaxies
• The GEMS project: X-ray analysis and statistical properties of the group sample
• The XMM-Newton wide-field survey in the COSMOS field: VI. Statistical properties of clusters of galaxies
• The impact of mergers on relaxed X-ray clusters - I. Dynamical evolution and emergent transient structures
• Revealing the properties of dark matter in the merging cluster MACSJ0025.4-1222
• A GMBCG Galaxy Cluster Catalog of 55,424 Rich Clusters from SDSS DR7
• A complete sample of twelve very X-ray luminous galaxy clusters at z>0.5
• The intragroup medium in loose groups of galaxies
• Galaxy clusters discovered via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in the first 720 square degrees of the South Pole Telescope survey
• Statistics of X-ray observables for the cooling-core and non-cooling core galaxy clusters
• An Infrared Survey of Brightest Cluster Galaxies. II: Why are Some Brightest Cluster Galaxies Forming Stars?
• An Entropy Threshold for Strong H-alpha and Radio Emission in the Cores of Galaxy Clusters
• Joint Analysis of Cluster Observations: II. Chandra/XMM-Newton X-ray and Weak Lensing Scaling Relations for a Sample of 50 Rich Clusters of Galaxies
• The Cool-Core Bias in X-ray Galaxy Cluster Samples I: Method And Application To HIFLUGCS
• The 400 square degrees ROSAT PSPC galaxy cluster survey: Catalog and statistical calibration
• Searching for Cool Core Clusters at High redshift
• The X-ray brightest clusters of galaxies from the Massive Cluster Survey
• The Integrated Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect as the Superior Method for Measuring the Mass of Clusters of Galaxies
• Lack of Evolution in the Iron Abundance in Clusters of Galaxies and Implications for the Global Star Formation Rate at High Redshift
• The Growth of Cool Cores and Evolution of Cooling Properties in a Sample of 83 Galaxy Clusters at 0.3 < z < 1.2 Selected from the SPT-SZ Survey
• Probing the Dark Matter and Gas Fraction in Relaxed Galaxy Groups with X-ray observations from Chandra and XMM
• The Bright SHARC Survey: The Cluster Catalog
• Radiative efficiency, variability and Bondi accretion onto massive black holes: from mechanical to quasar feedback in brightest cluster galaxies
• The XMM Cluster Survey: Optical analysis methodology and the first data release
• The dark matter halos of massive, relaxed galaxy clusters observed with Chandra
• Self-similar scaling and evolution in the galaxy cluster X-ray Luminosity-Temperature relation
• AGN heating and ICM cooling in the HIFLUGCS sample of galaxy clusters
• Extreme AGN feedback in the Massive Cluster Survey (MACS): a detailed study of X-ray cavities at z > 0.3
• An X-ray Selected Galaxy Cluster at z=1.26
• A statistically-selected Chandra sample of 20 galaxy clusters -- I. Temperature and cooling time profiles
• X-ray thermal coronae of galaxies in hot clusters -- ubiquity of embedded mini cooling cores
• Effects of Mergers and Core Structure on the Bulk Properties of Nearby Galaxy Clusters
• The Red-sequence Cluster Survey-2 (RCS-2): survey details and photometric catalog construction
• Heating the hot atmospheres of galaxy groups and clusters with cavities: the relationship between jet power and low-frequency radio emission
• A Merged Catalog of Clusters of Galaxies from Early SDSS Data
• An IR-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z=1.27
• Why Do Only Some Galaxy Clusters Have Cool Cores?
• Temperature and abundance profiles of hot gas in galaxy groups - I. Results and statistical analysis
• Cosmological Constraints from the Red-Sequence Cluster Survey
• Chandra and XMM-Newton Observations of RDCS1252.9-2927, A Massive Cluster at z=1.24
• The 160 Square Degree ROSAT Survey: the Revised Catalog of 201 Clusters with Spectroscopic Redshifts
• The Redshift Evolution of the Mean Temperature, Pressure, and Entropy Profiles in 80 SPT-Selected Galaxy Clusters
• A Very Deep Chandra Observation of Abell 2052: Bubbles, Shocks, and Sloshing
• The Prevalence of Cooling Cores in Clusters of Galaxies at z~0.15-0.4
• Chi-square and Poissonian Data: Biases Even in the High-Count Regime and How to Avoid them
• A volume-limited sample of X-ray galaxy groups and clusters - I. Radial entropy and cooling time profiles
• Redshifts, Sample Purity, and BCG Positions for the Galaxy Cluster Catalog from the first 720 Square Degrees of the South Pole Telescope Survey
• Towards a Holistic View of the Heating and Cooling of the Intracluster Medium
• The zCOSMOS 20k Group Catalog
• Models of the ICM with Heating and Cooling: Explaining the Global and Structural X-ray Properties of Clusters
• A statistically-selected Chandra sample of 20 galaxy clusters -- II. Gas properties and cool-core/non-cool core bimodality
• A FIRST DETERMINATION OF THE SURFACE DENSITY OF GALAXY CLUSTERS AT VERY LOW X--RAY FLUXES
• A Systematic Search for X-ray Cavities in the Hot Gas of Galaxy Groups
• Cosmic Chronometers: Constraining the Equation of State of Dark Energy. II. A Spectroscopic Catalog of Red Galaxies in Galaxy Clusters
• The WARPS Survey: VI. Galaxy Cluster and Source Identifications from Phase I
• Zooming in on the Coma Cluster with Chandra: Compressed Warm Gas in the Brightest Cluster Galaxies
• Lack of cooling flow clusters at z>0.5
• Cool core remnants in galaxy clusters
• Cavities and shocks in the galaxy group HCG 62 as revealed by Chandra, XMM and GMRT data
• The evolution of cool-core clusters
• The roadmap for unification in galaxy group selection:. I. A search for extended X-ray emission in the CNOC2 survey
• Evidence for radio-source heating of groups
• The X-ray cavities, filaments and cold fronts in the core of the galaxy group NGC 5044
• Infall, the Butcher-Oemler Effect, and the Descendants of Blue Cluster Galaxies at z~0.6
• The ELAIS Deep X-ray Survey I: Chandra Source Catalogue and First Results
• The XMM Cluster Survey: The interplay between the brightest cluster galaxy and the intra-cluster medium via AGN feedback
• High redshift X-ray cooling-core cluster associated with the luminous radio loud quasar 3C186
• A Photometric Redshift Galaxy Catalog from the Red-Sequence Cluster Survey
• A Spectroscopically Confirmed Excess of 24 micron Sources in a Super Galaxy Group at z=0.37: Enhanced Dusty Star Formation Relative to the Cluster and Field Environment
• ChaMP Serendipitous Galaxy Cluster Survey
• The Chandra Large Area Synoptic X-ray Survey (CLASXS) of the Lockman Hole-Northwest: The X-ray Catalog
• Moderate Temperature Clusters of Galaxies from the RDCS and the High Redshift Luminosity-Temperature Relation
• Quasisteady Configurations of Conductive Intracluster Media
• A Chandra study of the large-scale shock and cool filaments in Hydra A: Evidence for substantial gas dredge-up by the central outburst
• An XMM-Newton Survey of the Soft X-ray Background. I. The O VII and O VIII Lines Between l=120 and l=240
• Interaction between the intergalactic medium and central radio source in the NGC 4261 group of galaxies
• Photometric redshifts and cluster tomography in the ESO Distant Cluster Survey
• Galaxy clusters at high redshift and evolution of brightest cluster galaxies
• Gas Sloshing and Bubbles in the Galaxy Group NGC 5098
• The Environmental Dependence of Properties of Galaxies around the RDCSJ0910+54 Cluster at z=1.1
• Chandra and XMM-Newton Observations of a Group of Galaxies HCG 62
• The 2XMMi/SDSS Galaxy Cluster Survey. II. The optically confirmed cluster sample and the L_X-T relation
• Chandra X-ray observations of Abell 1835 to the virial radius
• Galaxy Cluster Assembly at z=0.37
• Deep Chandra observation of the galaxy cluster WARPJ1415.1+3612 at z=1: an evolved cool-core cluster at high-redshift
• High-Redshift Cool-Core Galaxy Clusters Detected via the Sunyaev--Zel'dovich Effect in the South Pole Telescope Survey
• Radio AGN in galaxy clusters: heating hot atmospheres and driving supermassive black hole growth over cosmic time
• Chandra Sample of Galaxy Clusters at z=0.4-0.55: Evolution in the Mass-Temperature Relation
• RX J0848+4456: Disentangling a Moderate Redshift Cluster
• Evidence for Rapid Redshift Evolution of Strong Cluster Cooling Flows
• HST Discovery of a z = 3.9 Multiply Imaged Galaxy Behind the Complex Cluster Lens WARPS J1415.1+36 at z = 1.026
• The XMM-Newton survey of the ELAIS-S1 field II: optical identifications and multiwavelength catalogue of X-ray sources
• On the Origin of Cool Core Galaxy Clusters: Comparing X-Ray Observations with Numerical Simulations
• The X-ray-Optical Relations for Nine Clusters at z = 0.7-1.1
• The X-ray luminous cluster underlying the z = 1.04 quasar PKS1229-021
• Evolution of the X-ray Profiles of Poor Clusters from the XMM-LSS Survey

Cited by in corpus (15)

• The XXL Survey: I. Scientific motivations - XMM-Newton observing plan - Follow-up observations and simulation programme
• Cool Core Clusters from Cosmological Simulations
• The cool core state of Planck SZ-selected clusters versus X-ray selected samples: evidence for cool core bias
• Galaxy Clusters Selected via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the SPTpol 100-Square-Degree Survey
• The heart of galaxy clusters: demographics and physical properties of cool-core and non-cool-core halos in the TNG-Cluster simulation
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly: search for a population of high-entropy galaxy groups
• The Most Massive galaxy Clusters (M2C) across cosmic time: link between radial total mass distribution and dynamical state
• Mass-Metallicity Relation from Cosmological Hydrodynamical Simulations and X-ray Observations of Galaxy Groups and Clusters
• Investigating the cores of fossil systems with Chandra
• ATCA observations of the MACS-Planck Radio Halo Cluster Project II. Radio observations of an intermediate redshift cluster sample
• Identification of 4876 Bent-Tail Radio Galaxies in the FIRST Survey Using Deep Learning Combined with Visual Inspection
• What Drives Cluster Cool-Core Transformations? A Population Level Analysis of TNG-Cluster
• The Gemini/HST galaxy cluster project: Redshift 0.2-1.0 cluster sample, X-ray data and optical photometry catalog
• The Gemini/HST Galaxy Cluster Project: Environment Effects on the Stellar Populations in the Lynx Clusters at z=1.27
• The first high-redshift cavity power measurements of cool-core galaxy clusters with the International LOFAR Telescope