Determining the core radio luminosity function of radio AGNs via copula

Abstract

The radio luminosity functions (RLFs) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are traditionally measured based on total emission, which doesn't reflect the current activity of the central black hole. The increasing interest in compact radio cores of AGNs requires determination of the RLF based on core emission (i.e., core RLF). In this work we have established a large sample (totaling 1207) of radio-loud AGNs, mainly consisting of radio galaxies (RGs) and steep-spectrum radio quasars (SSRQs). Based on the sample, we explore the relationship between core luminosity ($L_c$) and total luminosity ($L_t$) via a powerful statistical tool called "Copula". The conditional probability distribution $p(\log L_c\mid \log L_t)$ is obtained. We derive the core RLF as a convolution of $p(\log L_c\mid \log L_t)$ with the total RLF which was determined by previous work. We relate the separate RG and SSRQ core RLFs via a relativistic beaming model and find that SSRQs have an average Lorentz factor of $\gamma =9.84_{-2.50}^{+3.61}$, and that most are seen within $8^{\circ }\lesssim \theta \lesssim 45^{\circ }$ of the jet axis. Compared with the total RLF which is mainly contributed by extended emission, the core RLF shows a very weak luminosity-dependent evolution, with the number density peaking around $z\sim 0.8$ for all luminosities. Differences between core and total RLFs can be explained in a framework involving a combination of density and luminosity evolutions where the cores have significantly weaker luminosity evolution than the extended emission.

Accepted for publication in the ApJS

References in corpus (16)

• Kernel density estimation via diffusion
• An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function
• A synthesis model for AGN evolution: supermassive black holes growth and feedback modes
• A pilot study of the radio-emitting AGN population: the emerging new class of FR0 radio-galaxies
• The properties of extragalactic radio sources selected at 20 GHz
• The cosmic evolution of radio-AGN feedback to z=1
• LeMMINGs. I. The eMERLIN legacy survey of nearby galaxies. 1.5-GHz parsec-scale radio structures and cores
• Observed properties of FRII quasars and radio galaxies at z < 1.0
• MOJAVE: Monitoring of Jets in AGN with VLBA Experiments. IV. The Parent Luminosity Function of Radio-Loud Blazars
• Copula Cosmology: Constructing a Likelihood Function
• The faint source population at 15.7 GHz - I. The radio properties
• The prevalence of core emission in faint radio galaxies in the SKA Simulated Skies
• The Lorentz factor distribution and luminosity function of relativistic jets in AGNs
• The role of environment in the observed Fundamental Plane of radio Active Galactic Nuclei
• Evidence of a double-double morphology in B0818+214
• The 1.4 mm core of Centaurus A: First VLBI results with the South Pole Telescope

Cited by in corpus (19)

• MOJAVE. XVII. Jet Kinematics and Parent Population Properties of Relativistically Beamed Radio-Loud Blazars
• Do unequal-mass binary black hole systems have larger ${\chi }_{\text{eff}}$? Probing correlations with copulas in gravitational-wave astronomy
• Gamma ray burst constraints on cosmological models from the improved Amati correlation
• Radio sources associated with Optical Galaxies and having Unresolved or Extended morphologies (ROGUE). I. A catalog of SDSS galaxies with FIRST core identifications
• Jet Parameters in the Black-Hole X-Ray Binary MAXI J1820+070
• The improved Amati correlations from Gaussian copula
• BASS XXXIII: Swift-BAT blazars and their jets through cosmic time
• The relationship between the radio core-dominance parameter and spectral index in different classes of extragalactic radio sources (III)
• Redshift-evolutionary X-ray and UV luminosity relation of quasars from Gaussian copula
• Constructing a multivariate distribution function with a vine copula: toward multivariate luminosity and mass functions
• The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey IX: High Radio Activity in a Merging Cluster
• The effect of adiabatic losses on spectra of stationary jets and the origin of soft radio spectra of accreting black-hole sources
• Gamma-Rays from Star Forming Activity Appear to Outshine Misaligned Active Galactic Nuclei
• High-Significance Detection of Correlation Between the Unresolved Gamma-Ray Background and the Large Scale Cosmic Structure
• Latent characterisation of the complete BATSE gamma ray bursts catalogue using Gaussian mixture of factor analysers and model-estimated overlap-based syncytial clustering
• Variable jet Lorentz factors can explain soft self-absorbed radio spectra of accreting black-holes
• Building a Radio AGN Sample from Cosmic Morning -- The Radio High-Redshift Quasar Catalog (RHzQCat): I. Catalog from SDSS Quasars and Radio Surveys at $z>3$
• The dependence of the fraction of radio luminous quasars on redshift and its theoretical implications
• On the origin of core radio emissions from black hole sources in the realm of relativistic shocked accretion flow