FIREbox: Simulating galaxies at high dynamic range in a cosmological volume

Abstract

We introduce a suite of cosmological volume simulations to study the evolution of galaxies as part of the Feedback in Realistic Environments project. FIREbox, the principal simulation of the present suite, provides a representative sample of galaxies (~1000 galaxies with Mstar > 10^8 Msun at z=0) at a resolution (~20 pc, m_b ~ 6x10^4 Msun) comparable to state-of-the-art galaxy zoom-in simulations. FIREbox captures the multiphase nature of the interstellar medium in a fully cosmological setting (L=22.1 Mpc) thanks to its exceptionally high dynamic range (~10^6) and the inclusion of multi-channel stellar feedback. Here, we focus on validating the simulation predictions by comparing to observational data. We find that simulated galaxies with Mstar < 10^{10.5-11} Msun have star formation rates, gas masses, and metallicities in broad agreement with observations. These galaxy scaling relations extend to low masses (Mstar ~ 10^7 Msun) and follow a (broken) power-law relationship. Also reproduced are the evolution of the cosmic HI density and the HI column density distribution at z~0-5. At low z, FIREbox predicts a peak in the stellar-mass--halo-mass relation, but also a higher abundance of massive galaxies and a higher cosmic star formation rate density than observed, showing that stellar feedback alone is insufficient to reproduce the properties of massive galaxies at late times. Given its high resolution and sample size, FIREbox offers a baseline prediction of galaxy formation theory in a $\Lambda$CDM Universe while also highlighting modeling challenges to be addressed in next-generation galaxy simulations.

arXiv comment31 pages, 17 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• ARTEMIS emulator: exploring the effect of cosmology and galaxy formation physics on Milky Way-mass haloes and their satellites
• Resolution criteria to avoid artificial clumping in Lagrangian hydrodynamic simulations with a multi-phase interstellar medium
• COLIBRE: calibrating subgrid feedback in cosmological simulations that include a cold gas phase
• Cosmological Simulations of Stellar Halos with Gaia Sausage-Enceladus Analogues: Two Sausages, One Bun?
• The Shape of FIREbox Galaxies and a Potential Tension with Low-mass Disks
• $\text{slick}$: Modeling a Universe of Molecular Line Luminosities in Hydrodynamical Simulations
• Mass Distribution of Binary Black Hole Mergers from Young and Old Dense Star Clusters
• Cosmic reflections I: the structural diversity of simulated and observed low-mass galaxy analogues
• Subhalo abundance matching using progenitor mass at varying redshift: Two modes of stellar mass growth imprinted into the Subaru HSC galaxy clustering
• Great Balls of FIRE IV. The contribution of massive star clusters to the astrophysical population of merging binary black holes
• Secondary halo bias through cosmic time II: Reconstructing halo properties using clustering information
• The multi-wavelength Tully-Fisher relation in the TNG50 cosmological simulation
• TODDLERS: A New UV to Millimeter Emission Library for Star-Forming Regions. II. Star Formation Rate Indicators Using Auriga Zoom Simulations
• The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. VIII: Disk Formation and Evolution of Simulated Milky Way Mass Galaxy Progenitors at $1<z<5$
• Stellar-gas kinematic misalignments in EAGLE: lifetimes and longevity of misaligned galaxies
• Applying a star formation model calibrated on high-resolution interstellar medium simulations to cosmological simulations of galaxy formation
• Relatively Fast and Reasonably Furious: Evidence for Increased Burstiness in Smaller Halos at Cosmic Dawn
• The FLAMINGO simulations data release
• Kennicutt-Schmidt relation of galaxies over 13 billion years in the COLIBRE hydrodynamical simulations
• Dissecting stellar populations with manifold learning I. Validation of the method on a synthetic Milky Way-like galaxy
• The informativeness of [C II] line-intensity mapping as a probe of the H I content and metallicity of galaxies at the end of reionization
• Rise of the forsaken relics: connecting present-day stellar streams and phase-mixed galaxies to the Epoch of Reionization
• The PARADIGM project II: The lifetimes and quenching of satellites in Milky Way-mass haloes
• Spatially resolved stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation: Radial variations, gradients and profiles of galaxy stellar populations
• Time-Dependent Cosmic Ray Halos from Bursty Star Formation and Active Galactic Nuclei: Semi-Analytic Formalism and Galaxy Formation Implications
• Semi-empirical constraints on the HI mass function of star-forming galaxies and ${\Omega }_{\mathrm{HI}}$ at $z\sim 0.37$ from interferometric surveys
• Validating the CROCODILE model within the AGORA galaxy simulation framework
• Dwarf Galaxy Number Counts within 25 Mpc: Predictions from Local Group Analogues in TNG50
• Cold vs. Hot Gas Accretion and Angular Momentum in FIRE Simulations: From Halo to Galaxy Scales
• Mapping the z>=5 SiIV Column Density Distribution onto the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function Using the Cumulative Absorption Cross Section