NIHAO project I: Reproducing the inefficiency of galaxy formation across cosmic time with a large sample of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations

Abstract

We introduce project NIHAO (Numerical Investigation of a Hundred Astrophysical Objects), a set of 100 cosmological zoom-in hydrodynamical simulations performed using the gasoline code, with an improved implementation of the SPH algorithm. The haloes in our study range from dwarf to Milky Way masses, and represent an unbiased sampling of merger histories, concentrations and spin parameters. The particle masses and force softenings are chosen to resolve the mass profile to below 1% of the virial radius at all masses, ensuring that galaxy half-light radii are well resolved. Using the same treatment of star formation and stellar feedback for every object, the simulated galaxies reproduce the observed inefficiency of galaxy formation across cosmic time as expressed through the stellar mass vs halo mass relation, and the star formation rate vs stellar mass relation. We thus conclude that stellar feedback is the chief piece of physics required to limit the efficiency of star formation in galaxies less massive than the Milky Way.

14 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (18)

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• Introducing the Illustris Project: Simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe
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• Star Formation and Feedback in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic Simulations--I. Isolated Galaxies
• Modelling discontinuities and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in SPH
• NIHAO IV: Core creation and destruction in dark matter density profiles across cosmic time
• Sunrise: Polychromatic Dust Radiative Transfer in Arbitrary Geometries
• A Revised Model for the Formation of Disk Galaxies: Low Spin and Dark-Halo Expansion
• Bent by baryons: the low mass galaxy-halo relation
• A Superbubble Feedback Model for Galaxy Simulations
• The mass distribution in early-type disk galaxies: declining rotation curves and correlations with optical properties
• NIHAO project II: Halo shape, phase-space density and velocity distribution of dark matter in galaxy formation simulations
• On the Global Mass Distribution in Disk Galaxies
• NIHAO III: The constant disc gas mass conspiracy

Cited by in corpus (297)

• Simulating Galaxy Formation with the IllustrisTNG Model
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the stellar mass content of groups and clusters of galaxies
• First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: Galactic outflows driven by supernovae and black hole feedback
• Theoretical Challenges in Galaxy Formation
• The Auriga Project: the properties and formation mechanisms of disc galaxies across cosmic time
• Ultra-Light Dark Matter
• NIHAO IV: Core creation and destruction in dark matter density profiles across cosmic time
• NIHAO XI: Formation of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies by outflows
• The birth of the Milky Way as uncovered by accurate stellar ages with Gaia
• Shark: introducing an open source, free and flexible semi-analytic model of galaxy formation
• FIRE in the Field: Simulating the Threshold of Galaxy Formation
• (Almost) Dark Galaxies in the ALFALFA Survey: Isolated HI Bearing Ultra Diffuse Galaxies
• In-N-Out: the gas cycle from dwarfs to spiral galaxies
• Gas kinematics, morphology, and angular momentum in the FIRE simulations
• The origin of ultra diffuse galaxies: stellar feedback and quenching
• On the origin of the chemical bimodality of disk stars: A tale of merger and migration
• DarkSUSY 6 : An Advanced Tool to Compute Dark Matter Properties Numerically
• A dark matter profile to model diverse feedback-induced core sizes of $\Lambda$CDM haloes
• A distance of 13 Mpc resolves the claimed anomalies of the galaxy lacking dark matter
• The fraction of dark matter within galaxies from the IllustrisTNG simulations
• Formation of ultra-diffuse galaxies in the field and in galaxy groups
• Simulating the interstellar medium and stellar feedback on a moving mesh: Implementation and isolated galaxies
• NIHAO XV: The environmental impact of the host galaxy on galactic satellite and field dwarf galaxies
• Organized Chaos: Scatter in the relation between stellar mass and halo mass in small galaxies
• Public data release of the FIRE-2 cosmological zoom-in simulations of galaxy formation
• A Universe of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies: Theoretical Predictions from $\Lambda$CDM Simulations
• Is the dark-matter halo spin a predictor of galaxy spin and size?
• The origin of the diverse morphologies and kinematics of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE-2 simulations
• First results from SMAUG: Characterization of Multiphase Galactic Outflows from a Suite of Local Star-Forming Galactic Disk Simulations
• Far-infrared and dust properties of present-day galaxies in the EAGLE simulations
• CosmoDC2: A Synthetic Sky Catalog for Dark Energy Science with LSST
• Shape of Dark Matter Haloes in the Illustris Simulation: Effects of Baryons
• Reconciling the Diversity and Uniformity of Galactic Rotation Curves with Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• Inspiraling Halo Accretion Mapped in Lyman-$\alpha$ Emission around a $z\sim 3$ Quasar
• FIREbox: Simulating galaxies at high dynamic range in a cosmological volume
• Baryonic clues to the puzzling diversity of dwarf galaxy rotation curves
• Tidal stripping and the structure of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group
• Gas accretion and galactic fountain flows in the Auriga cosmological simulations: angular momentum and metal re-distribution
• Robust HI kinematics of gas-rich ultra-diffuse galaxies: hints of a weak-feedback formation scenario
• Quenching as a Contest between Galaxy Halos and their Central Black Holes
• The effects of cosmic rays on the formation of Milky Way-mass galaxies in a cosmological context
• A small-scale dynamo in feedback-dominated galaxies as the origin of cosmic magnetic fields - I. The kinematic phase
• The physics of multiphase gas flows: fragmentation of a radiatively cooling gas cloud in a hot wind
• NIHAO IX: the role of gas inflows and outflows in driving the contraction and expansion of cold dark matter haloes
• Self-consistent proto-globular cluster formation in cosmological simulations of high-redshift galaxies
• Colours, Star formation Rates, and Environments of Star forming and Quiescent Galaxies at the Cosmic Noon
• Numerical convergence of simulations of galaxy formation: the abundance and internal structure of cold dark matter haloes
• Origins of ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Coma cluster II. Constraints from their stellar populations
• Chaos and Variance in Galaxy Formation
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• NIHAO XIV: Reproducing the observed diversity of dwarf galaxy rotation curve shapes in LCDM
• NIHAO-UHD: The properties of MW-like stellar disks in high resolution cosmological simulations
• SatGen: a semi-analytical satellite galaxy generator -- I. The model and its application to Local-Group satellite statistics
• Ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Auriga simulations
• The HI content of isolated ultra-diffuse galaxies: A sign of multiple formation mechanisms?
• Determining the full satellite population of a Milky Way-mass halo in a highly resolved cosmological hydrodynamic simulation
• NIHAO project II: Halo shape, phase-space density and velocity distribution of dark matter in galaxy formation simulations
• NIHAO X: Reconciling the local galaxy velocity function with Cold Dark Matter via mock HI observations
• MultiDark-Galaxies: data release and first results
• The evolution of ultra-diffuse galaxies in nearby galaxy clusters from the Kapteyn IAC WEAVE INT Clusters Survey ($\text{KIWICS}$)
• A model for core formation in dark matter haloes and ultra diffuse galaxies by outflow episodes
• How baryons affect halos and large-scale structure: a unified picture from the Simba simulation
• Properties of HI discs in the Auriga cosmological simulations
• NIHAO V: Too big doesn't fail -- reconciling the conflict between LCDM predictions and the circular velocities of nearby field galaxies
• The Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) I. Overview and the diverse environments of Lyman limit systems at z<1
• The role of mergers and interactions in driving the evolution of dwarf galaxies over cosmic time
• NIHAO XIII: Clumpy discs or clumpy light in high redshift galaxies?
• NIHAO XX: The impact of the star formation threshold on the cusp-core transformation of cold dark matter haloes
• A small-scale dynamo in feedback-dominated galaxies - II. The saturation phase and the final magnetic configuration
• NIHAO VIII: Circum-galactic medium and outflows - The puzzles of HI and OVI gas distributions
• NIHAO VI. The hidden discs of simulated galaxies
• Dancing in the Dark: Uncertainty in ultra-faint dwarf galaxy predictions from cosmological simulations
• Aurigaia: mock Gaia DR2 stellar catalogues from the Auriga cosmological simulations
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• Exploring the origin of low-metallicity stars in Milky Way-like galaxies with the NIHAO-UHD simulations
• GalaxyNet: Connecting galaxies and dark matter haloes with deep neural networks and reinforcement learning in large volumes
• The prevalence of pseudo-bulges in the Auriga simulations
• The Dekel-Zhao profile: A mass-dependent dark-matter density profile with flexible inner slope and analytic potential, velocity dispersion, and lensing properties
• The mass of our Galaxy from satellite proper motions in the Gaia era
• The distribution of mass components in simulated disc galaxies
• NIHAO XII: galactic uniformity in a ΛCDM universe
• Gas Kinematics in FIRE Simulated Galaxies Compared to Spatially Unresolved HI Observations
• Environmental Quenching of Low-Mass Field Galaxies
• Dependency of halo concentration on mass, redshift and fossilness in Magneticum hydrodynamic simulations
• NIHAO XIX: How supernova feedback shapes the galaxy baryon cycle
• NIHAO XXI: The emergence of Low Surface Brightness galaxies
• Empirical constraints on the formation of early-type galaxies
• Symphony: Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation Suites over Four Decades of Host Halo Mass
• Stars behind bars I: The Milky Way's central stellar populations
• The edge of galaxy formation I: formation and evolution of MW-satellites analogues before accretion
• Dark-Matter Halo Profiles of a General Cusp/Core with Analytic Velocity and Potential
• Cosmological Galaxy Evolution with Superbubble Feedback II: The Limits of Supernovae
• Dark and luminous satellites of LMC-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations
• The Low Redshift Circumgalactic Medium in Simba
• Numerical convergence of hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation: the abundance and internal structure of galaxies and their cold dark matter haloes
• Hot phase generation by supernovae: resolution, chemistry and thermal conduction
• Probing dark matter with star clusters: a dark matter core in the ultra-faint dwarf Eridanus II
• Kinematic decomposition of IllustrisTNG disk galaxies: morphology and relation with morphological structures
• Cosmology dependency of halo masses and concentrations in hydrodynamic simulations
• First results from SMAUG: The need for preventative stellar feedback and improved baryon cycling in semi-analytic models of galaxy formation
• A first constraint on the average mass of ultra diffuse galaxies from weak gravitational lensing
• Evolution of cosmic filaments and of their galaxy population from MHD cosmological simulations
• Implications of hydrodynamical simulations for the interpretation of direct dark matter searches
• The effects of subgrid models on the properties of giant molecular clouds in galaxy formation simulations
• Towards a new classification of galaxies: principal component analysis of CALIFA circular velocity curves
• GRUMPY: a simple framework for realistic forward-modelling of dwarf galaxies
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• Stellar and AGN feedback in isolated early-type galaxies: the role in regulating star formation and ISM properties
• Connecting and dissecting galaxies' angular momenta and neutral gas in a hierarchical universe: cue DARK SAGE
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• Systematically Measuring Ultra Diffuse Galaxies in HI: Results from the Pilot Survey
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• The diversity of rotation curves of simulated galaxies with cusps and cores
• The Pristine survey -- XII: Gemini-GRACES chemo-dynamical study of newly discovered extremely metal-poor stars in the Galaxy
• nIFTY galaxy cluster simulations III: The Similarity & Diversity of Galaxies & Subhaloes
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• NIHAO XXII: Introducing black hole formation, accretion and feedback into the NIHAO simulation suite
• A new astrophysical solution to the Too Big To Fail problem - Insights from the MoRIA simulations
• The edge of galaxy formation II: evolution of Milky Way satellite analogues after infall
• Galaxy sizes and the galaxy-halo connection -- I: the remarkable tightness of the size distributions
• NIHAO-XXIII: Dark Matter density shaped by Black Hole feedback
• The vertical structure of gaseous galaxy discs in cold dark matter halos
• Gaia-DR2 extended kinematical maps. Part II: Dynamics in the Galactic disk explaining radial and vertical velocities
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• Massive disc galaxies in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations are too dark matter-dominated
• The impact of early massive mergers on the chemical evolution of Milky Way-like galaxies: insights from NIHAO-UHD simulations
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• CGM properties in VELA and NIHAO simulations; the OVI ionization mechanism: dependence on redshift, halo mass and radius
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• High-resolution, 3D radiative transfer modelling. II. The early-type spiral galaxy M81
• Solo dwarfs II: The stellar structure of isolated Local Group dwarf galaxies
• Stars behind bars II: A cosmological formation scenario for the Milky Way's central stellar structure
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• Astrophysical Tests of Dark Matter Self-Interactions
• Observational Constraints of Radial Migration in the Galactic Disc Driven by the Slowing Bar
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• New Analytic Solutions for Galaxy Evolution II: Wind Recycling, Galactic Fountains and Late-Type Galaxies
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• The cusp-core problem in gas-poor dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Four-hundred Very Metal-poor Stars Studied with LAMOST and Subaru. III. Dynamically Tagged Groups and Chemodynamical Properties
• The SELGIFS data challenge: generating synthetic observations of CALIFA galaxies from hydrodynamical simulations
• Scientific Objectives of the Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor (HUBS) Mission
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• A shallow dark matter halo in Ultra Diffuse Galaxy AGC 242019: are UDGs structurally similar to low surface brightness galaxies?
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• Stellar populations and origin of thick disks in AURIGA simulations
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• Investigating the residuals in the $M_{\bullet }-M_{\ast }$ relation using the SIMBA cosmological simulation
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• NIHAO-LG: The uniqueness of Local Group dwarf galaxies
• ARCHITECTS I: Impact of subgrid physics on the simulated properties of the circumgalactic medium
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• Probabilistic Inference of the Structure and Orbit of Milky Way Satellites with Semi-Analytic Modeling
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• Spatially resolved stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation: Radial variations, gradients and profiles of galaxy stellar populations
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• A Mass Dependent Density Profile from Dwarfs to Clusters
• The Impact of Star Formation Histories on the Inner Dark Matter Density Slopes of Galaxies
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• Insights into the structure and kinematics of a Milky Way-like galaxy
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• CROCODILE-DWARF: Assembly and Kinematics of Field Dwarf Galaxies with GADGET4-OSAKA
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