Towards a complete accounting of energy and momentum from stellar feedback in galaxy formation simulations

Abstract

Stellar feedback plays a key role in galaxy formation by regulating star formation, driving interstellar turbulence and generating galactic scale outflows. Although modern simulations of galaxy formation can resolve scales of 10-100 pc, star formation and feedback operate on smaller, "subgrid" scales. Great care should therefore be taken in order to properly account for the effect of feedback on global galaxy evolution. We investigate the momentum and energy budget of feedback during different stages of stellar evolution, and study its impact on the interstellar medium using simulations of local star forming regions and galactic disks at the resolution affordable in modern cosmological zoom-in simulations. In particular, we present a novel subgrid model for the momentum injection due to radiation pressure and stellar winds from massive stars during early, pre-supernova evolutionary stages of young star clusters. Early injection of momentum acts to clear out dense gas in star forming regions, hence limiting star formation. The reduced gas density mitigates radiative losses of thermal feedback energy from subsequent supernova explosions, leading to an increased overall efficiency of stellar feedback. The detailed impact of stellar feedback depends sensitively on the implementation and choice of parameters. Somewhat encouragingly, we find that implementations in which feedback is efficient lead to approximate self-regulation of global star formation efficiency. We compare simulation results using our feedback implementation to other phenomenological feedback methods, where thermal feedback energy is allowed to dissipate over time scales longer than the formal gas cooling time. We find that simulations with maximal momentum injection suppress star formation to a similar degree as is found in simulations adopting adiabatic thermal feedback.

ApJ submitted. For a high-resolution version of the paper, see http://kicp.uchicago.edu/~agertz/

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• Playing with FIRE: A Galactic Feedback-Halting Experiment Challenges Star Formation Rate Theories
• When Gas Dynamics Decouples from Galactic Rotation: Characterizing ISM Circulation in Disk Galaxies
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Star-formation efficiencies in high-redshift galaxies
• The Formation of a Milky Way-sized Disk Galaxy 1. A Comparison of Numerical Methods
• Physical Properties and Scaling Relations of Molecular Clouds: the Impact of Star Formation
• Escaping the maze: a statistical sub-grid model for cloud-scale density structures in the interstellar medium
• Non-explosive pre-supernova feedback in the COLIBRE model of galaxy formation
• Filamentary Hierarchies and Superbubbles I: Characterizing filament properties across a simulated spiral galaxy
• The life cycle of giant molecular clouds in simulated Milky Way-mass galaxies
• The Inner Dynamical Mass Across Galaxy Morphology: A Weak Scaling with Total Stellar Mass
• Photon Feedback: Screening and the Eddington Limit
• Turbulent gas-rich discs at high redshift: origin of thick stellar discs through 3D 'baryon sloshing'
• Dynamical Properties of Molecular-forming Gas Clumps in Galaxies at the Epoch of Reionization
• A MARVEL-ous study of how well galaxy shapes reflect Dark Matter halo shapes in Cold Dark Matter Simulations
• The emergence of globular clusters and globular-cluster-like dwarfs
• Massive Galaxies Impede Massive Outflows
• NIHAO-RiNG: A Comparison of Simulated Disc Galaxies from GASOLINE and GIZMO
• A Discontinuous Galerkin Solver in the FLASH Multi-Physics Framework
• Unravelling the orbits of cluster galaxy populations according to their dominant gas ionization source
• Testing the Momentum-driven Supernova Feedback Paradigm in M31
• Impact of radiation feedback on the assembly of star clusters in galactic context
• A large, long-lived, slowly-expanding superbubble across the Perseus Arm
• The radial acceleration relation at the EDGE of galaxy formation: testing its universality in low-mass dwarf galaxies
• Simulating nearby disc galaxies on the main star formation sequence II. The gas structure transition in low and high stellar mass discs
• Forming the local starburst galaxy Haro 11 through hydrodynamical merger simulations
• The Intrinsic Flattening of Galaxy Disks
• Galactic chimney sweeping: the effect of 'gradual' stellar feedback mechanisms on the evolution of dwarf galaxies
• Halo heating from fluctuating gas in a model dwarf
• Machine-guided Exploration and Calibration of Astrophysical Simulations
• Kennicutt-Schmidt relation of galaxies over 13 billion years in the COLIBRE hydrodynamical simulations
• Star Formation for Predictive Primordial Galaxy Formation
• Euclid preparation: TBD. Cosmic Dawn Survey: evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function across 0.2<z<6.5 measured over 10 square degrees
• The CUBES Science Case
• Centrally concentrated star formation in young clusters
• Investigating Galactic Fountains in M101: Insights from Ionized, UV emissions and Neutral Gas
• Effect of cosmic rays and ionizing radiation on observational ultraviolet plasma diagnostics in the circumgalactic medium
• Extended Hernquist-Springel formalism for cosmic star formation
• A New Model For Including Galactic Winds in Simulations of Galaxy Formation II: Implementation of PhEW in Cosmological Simulations
• ARCHITECTS I: Impact of subgrid physics on the simulated properties of the circumgalactic medium
• RIGEL: Feedback-regulated cloud-scale star formation efficiency in a simulated dwarf galaxy merger
• Chemical complexity in star formation induced by stellar feedback: cores shock-formed by the supernova remnant W44
• Formation of massive multiple-star systems: early migration and mergers
• The cosmic journey of dust grains -- from nucleation to planetary system
• Supernovae and photoionizing feedback in spiral arm molecular clouds
• Modeling supernova feedback in galaxy formation simulations with energy-conserving momentum injection
• Astro2020: Hot Drivers of Stellar Feedback from 10 to 10,000 pc
• The Nun Path: The Evolution and Quenching of Satellite Galaxies
• Stellar Feedback Effects on the Mass Distribution of Clouds and Cloud Complexes
• The origin of ionized gas in retired galaxies: dynamical clues
• EDGE-INFERNO: How chemical enrichment assumptions impact the individual stars of a simulated ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
• CROCODILE-DWARF: Assembly and Kinematics of Field Dwarf Galaxies with GADGET4-OSAKA
• Validating the CROCODILE model within the AGORA galaxy simulation framework