Dynamical characterization of galaxies up to $z\sim 7$

Abstract

The characterization of the dynamical state of galaxies up to z~7 is crucial for constraining the mechanisms driving the mass assembly in the early Universe. However, it is unclear whether the data quality of current and future observations is sufficient to perform a solid dynamical analysis. This paper defines the angular resolution and S/N required for a robust characterization of the dynamical state of galaxies up to the EoR. The final aim is to help design spatially-resolved surveys targeting emission lines of primeval galaxies. We investigate the [CII]-158um emission from z~6-7 LBGs from the SERRA cosmological simulation, covering a range of dynamical states: from disks to major mergers. We create ALMA mock observations with various data quality and apply the kinematic classification methods used in the literature. These tests allow us to quantify the performances of such methods as a function of angular resolution and S/N. We find that barely-resolved observations do not allow the correct dynamical characterization of a galaxy, resulting in the misclassification of all disks in our sample. However, even when using spatially-resolved observations with data quality typical of high-z galaxies, the standard kinematic classification methods, based on the analysis of the moment maps, fail to distinguish a merger from a disk. The high angular resolution and S/N needed to apply these standard methods successfully can be achieved with current data only for a handful of bright galaxies. We propose a new classification method, called PVsplit, that quantifies the asymmetries and morphological features in position-velocity diagrams using three empirical parameters. We test PVsplit on our mock data concluding that it can predict whether a galaxy is a disk or a merger provided that S/N $\gtrsim 10$, and the major axis is covered by $\gtrsim 3$ independent resolution elements.

arXiv commentSubmitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics (A&A) Journal. Comments are welcome

References in corpus (101)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
• Cosmological Hydrodynamics with Adaptive Mesh Refinement: a new high resolution code called RAMSES
• The Rockstar Phase-Space Temporal Halo Finder and the Velocity Offsets of Cluster Cores
• Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
• The SINS survey: SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy of z ~ 2 Star-forming Galaxies
• Formation of Massive Galaxies at High Redshift: Cold Streams, Clumpy Disks and Compact Spheroids
• First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: The evolution of stellar and gaseous disks across cosmic time
• Multi-scale initial conditions for cosmological simulations
• The KMOS^3D Survey: design, first results, and the evolution of galaxy kinematics from 0.7<z<2.7
• Compaction and Quenching of High-z Galaxies in Cosmological Simulations: Blue and Red Nuggets
• Kinemetry: a generalisation of photometry to the higher moments of the line-of-sight velocity distribution
• The Energy Dissipation Rate of Supersonic, Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in Molecular Clouds
• The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
• Towards a complete accounting of energy and momentum from stellar feedback in galaxy formation simulations
• Rapid formation of exponential disks and bulges at high redshift from the dynamical evolution of clump cluster and chain galaxies
• Cusp-core transformations in dwarf galaxies: observational predictions
• On the Star Formation Efficiency of Turbulent Magnetized Clouds
• The Kiloparsec-Scale Kinematics of High-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies
• RAMSES-RT: Radiation hydrodynamics in the cosmological context
• A Unified Model for Galactic Discs: Star Formation, Turbulence Driving, and Mass Transport
• Four phases of angular-momentum buildup in high-z galaxies: from cosmic-web streams through an extended ring to disc and bulge
• The Galaxy UV Luminosity Function Before the Epoch of Reionization
• Angular momentum and galaxy formation revisited
• Kinemetry of SINS High-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies: Distinguishing Rotating Disks from Major Mergers
• KROME - a package to embed chemistry in astrophysical simulations
• Deep H I Survey of the Spiral Galaxy NGC 2403
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: data processing, catalogs, and statistical source properties
• "Big Three Dragons": a z = 7.15 Lyman BreakGalaxy Detected in [OIII] 88 $\mu$m, [CII] 158 $\mu$m, and Dust Continuum with ALMA
• The Epoch of Disk Settling: z~1 to Now
• Star-Forming Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• The SINS/zC-SINF survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: SINFONI adaptive optics-assisted data and kiloparsec-scale emission line properties
• The KMOS Redshift One Spectroscopic Survey (KROSS): Dynamical properties, gas and dark matter fractions of typical z~1 star-forming galaxies
• Rotation in [CII]-emitting gas in two galaxies at a redshift of 6.8
• Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey: Selection and Characterization of Luminous Interstellar Medium Reservoirs in the z>6.5 Universe
• The Relationships Among Compact Stellar Systems: A Fresh View of Ultra Compact Dwarfs
• Simulating galaxies in the reionization era with FIRE-2: galaxy scaling relations, stellar mass functions, and luminosity functions
• Evidence for strong dynamical evolution in disk galaxies through the last 11 Gyr. GHASP VIII: A local reference sample of rotating disk galaxies for high redshift studies
• The AIMSS Project I: Bridging the Star Cluster - Galaxy Divide
• Large Population of ALMA Galaxies at z>6 with Very High [OIII]88um to [CII]158um Flux Ratios: Evidence of Extremely High Ionization Parameter or PDR Deficit?
• Observational constraints on the merger history of galaxies since $z\approx 6$: Probabilistic galaxy pair counts in the CANDELS fields
• A dynamically cold disk galaxy in the early Universe
• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• The Population of Giant Clumps in Simulated High-z Galaxies: In-situ and Ex-situ, Migration and Survival
• ALMA uncovers the [CII] emission and warm dust continuum in a z = 8.31 Lyman break galaxy
• The angular momentum distribution and baryon content of star forming galaxies at z~1-3
• Dynamical properties of z $\sim 4.5$ dusty star-forming galaxies and their connection with local early type galaxies
• High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: Dust modelling and galaxy luminosity functions
• The KMOS^3D Survey: data release and final survey paper
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Size of Individual Star-Forming Galaxies at z=4-6 and their Extended Halo Structure
• Deep into the structure of the first galaxies: SERRA views
• The Dawes Review 1: Kinematic studies of star-forming galaxies across cosmic time
• A Cold, Massive, Rotating Disk Galaxy 1.5 Billion Years after the Big Bang
• GalPak3D: A Bayesian parametric tool for extracting morpho-kinematics of galaxies from 3D data
• Zooming on the internal structure of $z\simeq 6$ galaxies
• The impact of chemistry on the structure of high-z galaxies
• The REBELS ALMA Survey: cosmic dust temperature evolution out to z $\sim$ 7
• A massive stellar bulge in a regularly rotating galaxy 1.2 billion years after the Big Bang
• A new, kinematically anomalous HI component in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403
• Feeding compact bulges and supermassive black holes with low angular-momentum cosmic gas at high redshift
• The KMOS Deep Survey (KDS) I: dynamical measurements of typical star-forming galaxies at z $\simeq$ 3.5
• Massive Star cluster formation under the microscope at z=6
• The KMOS Redshift One Spectroscopic Survey (KROSS): the origin of disk turbulence in z~0.9 star-forming galaxies
• Missing [CII] emission from early galaxies
• Kinematics of $z\ge 6$ galaxies from [CII] line emission
• Early formation of massive, compact, spheroidal galaxies with classical profiles by violent disc instability or mergers
• The KMOS Redshift One Spectroscopic Survey (KROSS): rotational velocities and angular momentum of z~0.9 galaxies
• Physical Properties of Spectroscopically-Confirmed Galaxies at z >= 6. II. Morphology of the Rest-Frame UV Continuum and Lyman-alpha Emission
• The diverse cold molecular gas contents, morphologies, and kinematics of type-2 quasars as seen by ALMA
• Fast rotating and low-turbulence discs at $z\simeq 4.5$: Dynamical evidence of their evolution into local early-type galaxies
• Major Merging History in CANDELS. I. Evolution of the Incidence of Massive Galaxy-Galaxy Pairs from z=3 to z~0
• The kinematics of ionized gas in Lyman-Break Analogs at z ~ 0.2
• Introducing the FirstLight project: UV luminosity function and scaling relations of primeval galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Kinematic Diversity & Rotation in Massive Star Forming Galaxies at z~4.4-5.9
• Radial motions and radial gas flows in local spiral galaxies
• CO line emission from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Distinguishing Mergers and Disks in High Redshift Observations of Galaxy Kinematics
• Velocity dispersion in the interstellar medium of early galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: The contribution of major mergers to the galaxy mass assembly at z~5
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Bright [CII] 158 $\mu$m Lines from a Multiply Imaged Sub-$L^{\star }$ Galaxy at $z=6.0719$
• Morpho-kinematics of z~1 galaxies probe the hierarchical scenario
• Morphological decomposition of TNG50 galaxies: methodology and catalogue
• Origin of Star-Forming Rings around Massive Centres in Massive Galaxies at $z<4$
• Photoevaporation of Jeans-unstable molecular clumps
• A chemical model for the interstellar medium in galaxies
• A low HI column density filament in NGC 2403: signature of interaction or accretion
• Studying the kinematic asymmetries of disks and post-coalescence mergers using a new `kinemetry' criterion
• From giant clumps to clouds -- III. The connection between star formation and turbulence in the ISM
• ALMA CO and VLT/SINFONI H2 observations of the Antennae overlap region: mass and energy dissipation
• Galaxy Formation Through Filamentary Accretion at z=6.1
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: a new method to estimate molecular gas surface densities from star formation rates
• Resolved gas kinematics in a sample of low-redshift high star-formation rate galaxies
• The Dawn of Disk Formation in a Milky Way-sized Galaxy Halo: Thin Stellar Disks at $z>4$
• Distinguishing `disks' from `mergers': tracing the kinematic asymmetries in local (U)LIRGs using `kinemetry'-based criteria
• Evaluating Galaxy Dynamical Masses From Kinematics and Jeans Equilibrium in Simulations
• Gas and stellar dynamics in Stephan's Quintet: Mapping the kinematics in a closely interacting compact galaxy group

Cited by in corpus (32)

• Regular rotation and low turbulence in a diverse sample of z ~ 4.5 galaxies observed with ALMA
• The rapid onset of stellar bars in the baryon-dominated centers of disk galaxies
• The gas and stellar content of a metal-poor galaxy at $z=8.496$ as revealed by JWST and ALMA
• The ALMA-ALPAKA survey I: high-resolution CO and [CI] kinematics of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.5-3.5
• Dynamically cold disks in the early Universe: myth or reality?
• ALMA hints at the presence of turbulent disk galaxies at z > 5
• GA-NIFS: Early-stage feedback in a heavily obscured AGN at $z=4.76$
• Structure and kinematics of a massive galaxy at z ~ 7
• The ALMA-ALPAKA survey II. Evolution of turbulence in galaxy disks across cosmic time: difference between cold and warm gas
• ALMA reveals a stable rotating gas disk in a paradoxical low-mass, ultra-dusty galaxy at z = 4.274
• [CII] halos in ALPINE galaxies: smoking-gun of galactic outflows?
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Gas, dust, and stars in star-forming galaxies when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old I. Survey overview and case studies
• KURVS: The outer rotation curve shapes and dark matter fractions of $z\sim 1.5$ star-forming galaxies
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Discovery of a massive, highly star-forming and morphologically complex ULIRG at $z=7.31$
• The mass-metallicity relation as a ruler for galaxy evolution: insights from the James Webb Space Telescope
• Interpreting ALMA non-detections of JWST super-early galaxies
• JWST's PEARLS: resolved study of the stellar and dust components in starburst galaxies at cosmic noon
• Dynamical modelling and origin of gas turbulence in z $\sim$ 4.5 galaxies
• Kinematic analysis of $\mathbf{z}=4.3$ galaxies in the SPT2349$-$56 protocluster core
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• Spatially resolved [CII]-gas conversion factor in early galaxies
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Extended [CII] emission in an interacting galaxy system at z ~ 5.5
• Turbulent gas-rich discs at high redshift: origin of thick stellar discs through 3D 'baryon sloshing'
• The ALMA-CRISTAL Survey: Complex kinematics of the galaxies at the end of the Reionization Era
• Central concentration of warm and dense molecular gas in a strongly lensed submillimeter galaxy at z=6
• Kinematic scaling relations of disc galaxies from ionised gas at $z\sim 1$ and their connection with dark matter haloes
• Amaryllis: a digital twin of the earliest galaxies in the Universe
• An optically-dark merging system at z~6 detected by JWST
• A Shallow Slope for the Stellar Mass--Angular Momentum Relation of Star-Forming Galaxies at $1.5<z<2.5$
• Observational biases on rotation curves from IFU data at cosmic noon
• Investigating the role of turbulence in the interstellar medium in $z\sim 3$ dusty star-forming galaxies using kpc-resolution ALMA dust and gas maps
• Spatially non-parametric recovery of intrinsic kinematic maps in pre- to post-merger galaxies