The KMOS Deep Survey (KDS) I: dynamical measurements of typical star-forming galaxies at z $\simeq$ 3.5

Abstract

We present dynamical measurements from the KMOS (K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph) Deep Survey (KDS), which is comprised of 77 typical star-forming galaxies at z $\simeq$ 3.5 in the mass range 9.0 < log(M${}_{\star }$/M${}_{\odot }$) < 10.5. These measurements constrain the internal dynamics, the intrinsic velocity dispersions (σ${}_{int}$) and rotation velocities (V${}_C$) of galaxies in the high redshift Universe. The mean velocity dispersion of the galaxies in our sample is σ${}_{int}$ = $70.8_{-3.1}^{+3.3}$ km s${}^{-1}$, revealing that the increasing average σ${}_{int}$ with increasing redshift, reported for z $\lesssim 2$, continues out to z $\simeq$ 3.5. Only 34 $\pm$ 8% of our galaxies are rotation-dominated (V${}_C$/σ${}_{int}$ > 1), with the sample average V${}_C$/σ${}_{int}$ value much smaller than at lower redshift. After carefully selecting comparable star-forming samples at multiple epochs, we find that the rotation-dominated fraction evolves with redshift with a z${}^{-0.2}$ dependence. The rotation-dominated KDS galaxies show no clear offset from the local rotation velocity-stellar mass (i.e. V${}_C$-M${}_{\star }$) relation, although a smaller fraction of the galaxies are on the relation due to the increase in the dispersion-dominated fraction. These observations are consistent with a simple equilibrium model picture, in which random motions are boosted in high redshift galaxies by a combination of the increasing gas fractions, accretion efficiency, specific star-formation rate and stellar feedback and which may provide significant pressure support against gravity on the galactic disk scale.

main body 25 pages, 8 figures

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