Regular rotation and low turbulence in a diverse sample of z ~ 4.5 galaxies observed with ALMA

Abstract

The discovery of galaxies with regularly rotating discs at redshifts $\ge$ has been a puzzling challenge to galaxy formation models that tend to predict chaotic gas kinematics in the early Universe as a consequence of gas accretion, mergers and efficient feedback. In this work, we investigated the kinematics of five highly resolved galaxies at z $\sim$ 4.5 observed with ALMA in the [CII] 158 $\mu$m emission line. The sample is diverse: AzTEC1 (starburst galaxy), BRI1335-0417 (starburst and quasar host galaxy), J081740 (normal star-forming galaxy) and SGP38326 (two starburst galaxies in a group). The five galaxies show velocity gradients, but four were found to be rotating discs while the remaining, AzTEC1, is likely a merger. We studied the gas kinematics of the discs using 3DBAROLO and found that they rotate with maximum rotation velocities between 198 and 562 km/s while the gas velocity dispersions, averaged across the discs, are between 49 and 75 km/s. The rotation curves are generally flat and the galaxies have ratios of ordered-to-random motion (V/$\sigma$) between 2.7 and 9.8. We present CANNUBI, an algorithm for fitting the disc geometry of rotating discs in 3D emission-line observations prior to modelling the kinematics, with which we find indications that these discs may have thicknesses of the order of 1 kpc. This study shows that early disc formation with a clear dominance of rotation with respect to turbulent motions is present across a variety of galaxy types.

20 pages, 9 figures, MNRAS accepted

References in corpus (42)

• Cosmic Star Formation History
• Formation of Massive Galaxies at High Redshift: Cold Streams, Clumpy Disks and Compact Spheroids
• astroquery: An Astronomical Web-Querying Package in Python
• Compaction and Quenching of High-z Galaxies in Cosmological Simulations: Blue and Red Nuggets
• What is Driving the HI Velocity Dispersion?
• HI holes and high-velocity clouds in the spiral galaxy NGC 6946
• A dynamically cold disk galaxy in the early Universe
• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• The nature of the [CII] emission in dusty star-forming galaxies from the SPT survey
• Dynamical properties of z $\sim 4.5$ dusty star-forming galaxies and their connection with local early type galaxies
• Panic! At the Disks: First Rest-frame Optical Observations of Galaxy Structure at $z>3$ with JWST in the SMACS 0723 Field
• A Cold, Massive, Rotating Disk Galaxy 1.5 Billion Years after the Big Bang
• z~2: An Epoch of Disk Assembly
• The Atlas3D project - XXIV. The intrinsic shape distribution of early-type galaxies
• A massive stellar bulge in a regularly rotating galaxy 1.2 billion years after the Big Bang
• The Kinematics of z ~ 6 Quasar Host Galaxies
• LITTLE THINGS in 3D: robust determination of the circular velocity of dwarf irregular galaxies
• Kinematics of $z\ge 6$ galaxies from [CII] line emission
• A black-hole mass measurement from molecular gas kinematics in NGC4526
• A survey of high-$z$ galaxies: SERRA simulations
• Fast rotating and low-turbulence discs at $z\simeq 4.5$: Dynamical evidence of their evolution into local early-type galaxies
• Spiral morphology in an intensely star-forming disk galaxy more than 12 billion years ago
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Kinematic Diversity & Rotation in Massive Star Forming Galaxies at z~4.4-5.9
• Morpheus Reveals Distant Disk Galaxy Morphologies with JWST: The First AI/ML Analysis of JWST Images
• Radial motions and radial gas flows in local spiral galaxies
• Evidence for supernova feedback sustaining gas turbulence in nearby star-forming galaxies
• Dynamical characterization of galaxies up to $z\sim 7$
• Velocity dispersion in the interstellar medium of early galaxies
• Dynamical Characterization of Galaxies at z~4-6 via Tilted Ring Fitting to ALMA [CII] Observations
• Kiloparsec view of a typical star-forming galaxy when the Universe was $\sim$1 Gyr old II. Regular rotating disk and evidence for baryon dominance on galactic scales
• The combined effect of AGN and supernovae feedback in launching massive molecular outflows in high-redshift galaxies
• Clumpy and Extended Starbursts in the Brightest Unlensed Submillimeter Galaxies
• CNO emission of an unlensed submillimeter galaxy at z=4.3
• A Comparison of the Stellar, CO and Dust-Continuum Emission from Three, Star-Forming HUDF Galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• Testing Star Formation Laws on Spatially Resolved Regions in a $z\approx 4.3$ Starburst Galaxy
• The interstellar medium distribution, gas kinematics, and system dynamics of the far-infrared luminous quasar SDSS J2310+1855 at $z=6.0$
• A non-corotating gas component in an extreme starburst at z=4.3
• The Dawn of Disk Formation in a Milky Way-sized Galaxy Halo: Thin Stellar Disks at $z>4$
• Characterizing the Multi-Phase Origin of [CII] Emission in M101 and NGC 6946 with Velocity Resolved Spectroscopy
• Possible Systematic Rotation in the Mature Stellar Population of a $z=9.1$ Galaxy
• Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines I. The [C II] 158 microns line at z~0
• New Constraints on the Molecular Gas in the Prototypical HyLIRGs BRI1202-0725 & BRI1335-0417

Cited by in corpus (32)

• The rapid onset of stellar bars in the baryon-dominated centers of disk galaxies
• The ALMA-ALPAKA survey I: high-resolution CO and [CI] kinematics of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.5-3.5
• Dynamically cold disks in the early Universe: myth or reality?
• Formation of Galactic Disks I: Why Did the Milky Way's Disk Form Unusually Early?
• Discovery of the local counterpart of disc galaxies at z > 4: The oldest thin disc of the Milky Way using Gaia-RVS
• The ALMA-ALPAKA survey II. Evolution of turbulence in galaxy disks across cosmic time: difference between cold and warm gas
• ALMA reveals a stable rotating gas disk in a paradoxical low-mass, ultra-dusty galaxy at z = 4.274
• The galaxy-halo connection of disc galaxies over six orders of magnitude in stellar mass
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Resolved kinematic studies of main sequence star-forming galaxies at 4<z<6
• Dynamical modelling and origin of gas turbulence in z $\sim$ 4.5 galaxies
• A Giant Disk Galaxy Two Billion Years After The Big Bang
• On the Galactic rotation curve inferred from the Jeans equations Assessing its robustness using Gaia DR3 and cosmological simulations
• The ALMA-ALPINE [CII] survey: sub-kpc morphology of 3 main-sequence galaxy systems at z~4.5 revealed by ALMA
• Kinematic analysis of $\mathbf{z}=4.3$ galaxies in the SPT2349$-$56 protocluster core
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Star-formation efficiencies in high-redshift galaxies
• Photometry and kinematics of dwarf galaxies from the Apertif HI survey
• Advancing accuracy in age determinations of old-disk stars using an oscillating red giant in an eclipsing binary
• A nuclear spiral in a dusty star-forming galaxy at $z=2.78$
• The dark side of early galaxies: $\text{geko}$ uncovers dark-matter fractions at $z\sim 4-6$
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Modelling ALMA and JWST lines to constrain the interstellar medium of $z\sim 5$ galaxies
• Assessing the dark matter content of two quasar host galaxies at z~6 through gas kinematics
• Amaryllis: a digital twin of the earliest galaxies in the Universe
• Formation of Substructure in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies (FOSSILS): Evidence of Multiple Pathways to Trigger Starbursts in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies
• Cosmic wallflowers: the circumgalactic origins of isolated ultra-compact star clusters at $z>7$
• Build-up and survival of the disc: From numerical models of galaxy formation to the Milky Way
• ALMA survey of a massive node of the Cosmic Web at $z\sim 3$. II. A dynamically cold and massive disk galaxy in the proximity of a hyperluminous quasar
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Gas-phase abundance gradients of main sequence star-forming galaxies and their kinematics at $4<z<6$
• Investigating the role of turbulence in the interstellar medium in $z\sim 3$ dusty star-forming galaxies using kpc-resolution ALMA dust and gas maps
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• The imprint of AGN-driven outflows on the CGM: the case of Lyα nebulae around high-z quasars
• The Cosmic Rush Hour: Rapid Formation of Bright, Massive, Disky, Star-Forming Galaxies as Signatures of Early-Universe Physics