EMERGE - An empirical model for the formation of galaxies since $z\sim 10$

Abstract

We present EMERGE, an Empirical ModEl for the foRmation of GalaxiEs, describing the evolution of individual galaxies in large volumes from $z\sim 10$ to the present day. We assign a star formation rate to each dark matter halo based on its growth rate, which specifies how much baryonic material becomes available, and the instantaneous baryon conversion efficiency, which determines how efficiently this material is converted to stars, thereby capturing the baryonic physics. Satellites are quenched following the delayed-then-rapid model, and they are tidally disrupted once their subhalo has lost a significant fraction of its mass. The model is constrained with observed data extending out to high redshift. The empirical relations are very flexible, and the model complexity is increased only if required by the data, assessed by several model selection statistics. We find that for the same final halo mass galaxies can have very different star formation histories. Nevertheless, the average star formation and accretion rates are in good agreement with models following an abundance matching strategy. Galaxies that are quenched at $z=0$ typically have a higher peak star formation rate compared to their star-forming counterparts. The accretion of stars can dominate the total mass of massive galaxies, but is insignificant for low-mass systems, independent of star-formation activity. EMERGE predicts stellar-to-halo mass ratios for individual galaxies and introduces scatter self-consistently. We find that at fixed halo mass, passive galaxies have a higher stellar mass on average. The intra-cluster-mass in massive haloes can be up to 8 times larger than the mass of the central galaxy. Clustering for star-forming and quenched galaxies is in good agreement with observational constraints, indicating a realistic assignment of galaxies to haloes.

31 pages, 19 figures, 10 tables, submitted to MNRAS

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• Constraints on Primordial Magnetic Fields from High Redshift Stellar Mass Density
• Shedding light on the star formation rate-halo accretion rate connection and halo quenching mechanism via DECODE, the Discrete statistical sEmi-empiriCal mODEl
• Constraining black hole-galaxy scaling relations from the large-scale clustering of Active Galactic Nuclei and implied mean radiative efficiency
• BASILISK II. Improved Constraints on the Galaxy-Halo Connection from Satellite Kinematics in SDSS
• Cosmological prior for the $J$-factor estimation of dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Transforming galaxies with EASE: widespread structural changes enabled by short-lived spirals
• QSO MUSEUM III: the circumgalactic medium in Ly$\alpha$ emission around 120 $z\sim 3$ quasars covering the SDSS parameter space. Witnessing the instantaneous AGN feedback on halo scales
• The Dependence of Dark Matter Halo Properties on the Morphology of Their Central Galaxies from Weak Lensing
• The origin of galaxy colour bimodality in the scatter of the Stellar-to-Halo Mass Relation
• Observing Correlations Between Dark Matter Accretion and Galaxy Growth: II. Testing the Impact of Galaxy Mass, Star Formation Indicator, and Neighbour Colours
• FLORAH: A generative model for halo assembly histories
• Halo Properties from Observable Measures of Environment: I. Halo and Subhalo Masses
• The evolution of the barred galaxy population in the TNG50 simulation
• ZFIRE -- The Gas Inflow Inequality for Satellite Galaxies in Cluster and Field Halos at z = 2
• A Conditional Abundance Matching Method of Extending Simulated Halo Merger Trees to Resolve Low-Mass Progenitors and Sub-halos
• SEMPER I. Radio Predictions for Star-Forming Galaxies at $0<z<5$
• Quantitatively rating galaxy simulations against real observations with anomaly detection
• Accreted stars and stellar haloes of simulated galaxies in TNG50
• The Outskirt Stellar Mass of Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies is an Excellent Halo Mass Proxy in Illustris/IllustrisTNG Simulations
• Insights into the dependence of galaxy properties on the environment with explainable machine learning models
• Bridging Simulations and Observations: New Insights into Galaxy Formation Simulations via Out-of-Distribution Detection and Bayesian Model Comparison
• Covariances of Galaxy Stellar Mass Functions and Correlation Functions
• Extended Hernquist-Springel formalism for cosmic star formation
• Predicting halo occupation and galaxy assembly bias with machine learning
• A New Model For Including Galactic Winds in Simulations of Galaxy Formation II: Implementation of PhEW in Cosmological Simulations
• The Cosmic Rush Hour: Rapid Formation of Bright, Massive, Disky, Star-Forming Galaxies as Signatures of Early-Universe Physics
• Mimicking the halo-galaxy connection using machine learning
• pop-cosmos: Star formation over 12 Gyr from generative modelling of a deep infrared-selected galaxy catalogue
• Revisiting the relation between the number of globular clusters and galaxy mass for low mass galaxies
• The effect of spiral arms on the Sérsic photometry of galaxies
• On the Tidal Formation of Dark Matter Deficient Galaxies
• Testing subhalo abundance matching with galaxy kinematics
• A Salpeter IMF and an NFW halo: Disentangling the dark and stellar mass of an elliptical galaxy through precise lens modelling of a double-source-plane system
• The $10\mathrm{kpc}$ collar of early-type galaxies -- probing evolution by focusing on the inner stellar density profile
• Modeling supernova feedback in galaxy formation simulations with energy-conserving momentum injection
• Testing the key role of the stellar mass-halo mass relation in galaxy merger rates and morphologies via DECODE, a novel Discrete statistical sEmi-empiriCal mODEl