An ultra-deep multi-band VLA survey of the faint radio sky (COSMOS-XS): New constraints on the cosmic star formation history

Abstract

We make use of ultra-deep 3 GHz Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array observations of the COSMOS field from the multi-band COSMOS-XS survey to infer radio luminosity functions (LFs) of star-forming galaxies (SFGs). Using $\sim$1300 SFGs with redshifts out to $z\sim 4.6$, and fixing the faint and bright end shape of the radio LF to the local values, we find a strong redshift trend that can be fitted by pure luminosity evolution with the luminosity parameter given by ${\alpha }_L\propto (3.40\pm 0.11)-(0.48\pm 0.06)z$. We then combine the ultra-deep COSMOS-XS data-set with the shallower VLA-COSMOS $3\mathrm{GHz}$ large project data-set over the wider COSMOS field in order to fit for joint density+luminosity evolution, finding evidence for significant density evolution. By comparing the radio LFs to the observed far-infrared (FIR) and ultraviolet (UV) LFs, we find evidence of a significant underestimation of the UV LF by $21.6\%\pm 14.3\%$ at high redshift ($3.3<z<4.6$, integrated down to $0.03L_{z=3}^{\star }$). We derive the cosmic star formation rate density (SFRD) by integrating the fitted radio LFs and find that the SFRD rises up to $z\sim 1.8$ and then declines more rapidly than previous radio-based estimates. A direct comparison between the radio SFRD and a recent UV-based SFRD, where we integrate both LFs down to a consistent limit ($0.038L_{z=3}^{\star }$), reveals that the discrepancy between the radio and UV LFs translates to a significant ($\sim$1 dex) discrepancy in the derived SFRD at $z>3$, even assuming the latest dust corrections and without accounting for optically dark sources.

arXiv commentSubmitted to ApJ; 27 pages, 13 figures, 4 tables

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