VLA-COSMOS 3GHz Large Project: The infrared-radio correlation of star-forming galaxies and AGN to $z\lesssim 6$

Abstract

We examine the behaviour of the infrared-radio correlation (IRRC) over the range $0<z<6$ using new, highly sensitive 3GHz observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and infrared data from the Herschel Space Observatory in the 2deg${}^2$ COSMOS field. We distinguish between objects where emission is believed to arise solely from star-formation, and those where an active galactic nucleus (AGN) is thought to be present. We account for non-detections in the radio or in the infrared using a doubly-censored survival analysis. We find that the IRRC of star-forming galaxies, quantified by the infrared-to-1.4GHz radio luminosity ratio ($q_{\mathrm{TIR}}$), decreases with increasing redshift: $q_{\mathrm{TIR}}(z)=(2.88\pm 0.03)(1+z{)}^{-0.19\pm 0.01}$. Moderate-to-high radiative luminosity AGN do not follow the same $q_{\mathrm{TIR}}$$(z)$ trend, having a lower normalisation and steeper decrease with redshift. We cannot rule out the possibility that unidentified AGN contributions only to the radio regime may be steepening the observed $q_{\mathrm{TIR}}(z)$ trend of the star-forming population. An increasing fractional contribution to the observed 3GHz flux by free-free emission of star-forming galaxies may also affect the derived evolution. However, we find that the standard (M82-based) assumption of the typical radio spectral energy distribution (SED) for star-forming galaxies is inconsistent with our results. This suggests a more complex shape of the typical radio SED for star-forming galaxies, and that imperfect $K$ corrections in the radio may govern the derived redshift trend of $q_{\mathrm{TIR}}$. Lastly, we present a redshift-dependent relation between rest-frame 1.4GHz radio luminosity and star formation rate taking the derived redshift trend into account.

17 pages, 22 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (24)

• The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) -- Overview
• A simple model to interpret the ultraviolet, optical and infrared emission from galaxies
• COSMOS Photometric Redshifts with 30-bands for 2-deg2
• zCOSMOS: A Large VLT/VIMOS redshift survey covering 0 < z < 3 in the COSMOS field
• The synthesis of the cosmic X-ray background in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era
• The Chandra COSMOS Survey, I: Overview and Point Source Catalog
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: Continuum data and source catalog release
• Photometric redshift and classification for the XMM-COSMOS sources
• The VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey: ~10,000 galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts to study galaxy assembly at early epochs 2<z<~6
• The VLA-COSMOS Survey: II. Source Catalog of the Large Project
• AzTEC Millimetre Survey of the COSMOS Field: I. Data Reduction and Source Catalogue
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: Multiwavelength counterparts and the composition of the faint radio population
• Deep ATLAS radio observations of the CDFS-SWIRE field
• The far-infrared/radio correlation and radio spectral index of galaxies in the SFR-M* plane up to z 2
• The VLA-COSMOS 3~GHz Large Project: AGN and host-galaxy properties out to z$\lesssim$6
• A Unified Catalog of Radio Objects Detected by NVSS, FIRST, WENSS, GB6, and SDSS
• The Radio Spectral Energy Distribution and Star Formation Rate Calibration in Galaxies
• Evolution of magnetic fields in galaxies and future observational tests with the Square Kilometre Array
• Exploring the infrared/radio correlation at high redshift
• The temperature dependence of the far-infrared-radio correlation in the Herschel-ATLAS
• Galaxy Formation as a Cosmological Tool. I: The Galaxy Merger History as a Measure of Cosmological Parameters
• (Sub)millimetre interferometric imaging of a sample of COSMOS/AzTEC submillimetre galaxies - I. Multiwavelength identifications and redshift distribution
• Linking the X-ray and infrared properties of star-forming galaxies at z<1.5
• AEGIS: Radio and Mid-Infrared Selection of Obscured AGN Candidates

Cited by in corpus (144)

• Star-Forming Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• "Super-deblended" Dust Emission in Galaxies: II. Far-IR to (sub)millimeter photometry and high redshift galaxy candidates in the full COSMOS field
• LOFAR/H-ATLAS: The low-frequency radio luminosity - star-formation rate relation
• The VLA-COSMOS 3~GHz Large Project: AGN and host-galaxy properties out to z$\lesssim$6
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: The cosmic star formation history since z~5
• Prevalence of radio jets associated with galactic outflows and feedback from quasars
• "Super-deblended" Dust Emission in Galaxies: I. The GOODS-North Catalog and the Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density out to Redshift 6
• The LOFAR window on star-forming galaxies and AGN - curved radio SEDs and IR-radio correlation at $0<z<2.5$
• The VLA-COSMOS 3~GHz Large Project: Cosmic evolution of radio AGN and implications for radio-mode feedback since z~5
• The Tiered Radio Extragalactic Continuum Simulation (T-RECS)
• The infrared-radio correlation of star-forming galaxies is strongly M${}_{\star }$-dependent but nearly redshift-invariant since z$\sim$4
• Discovery of a dark, massive, ALMA-only galaxy at z~5-6 in a tiny 3-millimeter survey
• The CO Luminosity Density at High-z (COLDz) Survey: A Sensitive, Large Area Blind Search for Low-J CO Emission from Cold Gas in the Early Universe with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array
• Discovery of four apparently cold dusty galaxies at z=3.62-5.85 in the COSMOS field: direct evidence of CMB impact on high-redshift galaxy observables
• The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Deep fields: The star formation rate - radio luminosity relation at low frequencies
• A dusty compact object bridging galaxies and quasars at cosmic dawn
• The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Deep Fields Data Release 1: V. Survey description, source classifications and host galaxy properties
• Hidden in plain sight: a massive, dusty starburst in a galaxy protocluster at z=5.7 in the COSMOS field
• Physical Characterization of an Unlensed Dusty Star-Forming Galaxy at $z=5.85$
• Mapping Obscuration to Reionization with ALMA (MORA): 2mm Efficiently Selects the Highest-Redshift Obscured Galaxies
• Illuminating the dark side of cosmic star formation two billion years after the Big Bang
• Far-infrared Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy of lensed starbursts reveals physical conditions of ionised gas
• Revealing environmental dependence of molecular gas content in a distant X-ray cluster at z=2.51
• First Predicted Cosmic Ray Spectra, Primary-to-Secondary Ratios, and Ionization Rates from MHD Galaxy Formation Simulations
• The non-linear infrared-radio correlation of low-z galaxies: implications for redshift evolution, a new radio SFR recipe, and how to minimize selection bias
• The Typical Massive Quiescent Galaxy at z$\sim$3 is a Post-starburst
• MIGHTEE: the nature of the radio-loud AGN population
• A new estimate of the cosmic star formation density from a radio-selected sample, and the contribution of $H$-dark galaxies at $z\ge 3$
• Characterization of Two 2mm-detected Optically-Obscured Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Interstellar Medium of Quiescent Galaxies and its Evolution With Time
• Fundamental differences in the radio properties of red and blue quasars: enhanced compact AGN emission in red quasars
• AT 2017gbl: a dust obscured TDE candidate in a luminous infrared galaxy
• A Multi-wavelength Analysis of the Faint Radio Sky (COSMOS-XS): the Nature of the Ultra-faint Radio Population
• Comprehensive Gas Characterization of a $z=2.5$ Protocluster: A Cluster Core Caught in the Beginning of Virialization?
• Radio spectral properties of star-forming galaxies in the MIGHTEE-COSMOS field and their impact on the far-infrared-radio correlation
• The infrared-radio correlation of spheroid- and disc-dominated star-forming galaxies to z $\sim$ 1.5 in the COSMOS field
• An Ultra-deep Multi-band VLA Survey of the Faint Radio Sky (COSMOS-XS): Source Catalog and Number Counts
• Radio continuum size evolution of star-forming galaxies over 0.35 < z < 2.25
• The hidden side of cosmic star formation at z > 3: Bridging optically-dark and Lyman break galaxies with GOODS-ALMA
• A LOFAR-IRAS cross-match study: the far-infrared radio correlation and the 150-MHz luminosity as a star-formation rate
• The Far-Infrared Radio Correlation at low radio frequency with LOFAR/H-ATLAS
• High gas fraction in a CO-selected main-sequence galaxy at $z>3$
• The IRAM/GISMO two-millimeter survey in the COSMOS field
• Fundamental differences in the radio properties of red and blue quasars: Insight from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)
• The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey: the radio view of the cosmic star formation history
• SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging Eao Survey (Studies) III: Multi-wavelength properties, luminosity functions and preliminary source catalog of 450-$\mu$m-selected galaxies
• GOODS-ALMA: Optically dark ALMA galaxies shed light on a cluster in formation at z = 3.5
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: Star formation properties and radio luminosity functions of AGN with moderate-to-high radiative luminosities out to $z\sim 6$
• Completing the Census of AGN in GOODS-S/HUDF: New Ultra-Deep Radio Imaging and Predictions for JWST
• Stellar Dynamics and Star-Formation Histories of z $\sim$ 1 Radio-loud Galaxies
• Nature of Faint Radio Sources in GOODS-North and GOODS-South Fields - I. Spectral Index and Radio-FIR Correlation
• Close-up view of a luminous star-forming galaxy at z=2.95
• MIGHTEE: Deep 1.4 GHz Source Counts and the Sky Temperature Contribution of Star Forming Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• Cosmic Star-Formation History Measured at 1.4 GHz
• Cosmic evolution of star-forming galaxies to $z\simeq 1.8$ in the faint low-frequency radio source population
• Constraints on submicrojansky radio number counts based on evolving VLA-COSMOS luminosity functions
• An ALMA survey of submillimetre galaxies in the COSMOS field: The extent of the radio-emitting region revealed by 3 GHz imaging with the Very Large Array
• Radio selection of the most distant galaxy clusters
• An ALMA Survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UKIDSS/UDS Field: The Far-infrared/Radio correlation for High-redshift Dusty Star-forming Galaxies
• Towards a census of high-redshift dusty galaxies with $Herschel$: A selection of "500 $\mu$m-risers"
• Radio spectra and sizes of ALMA-identified submillimetre galaxies: evidence of age-related spectral curvature and cosmic ray diffusion?
• A new sample of southern radio galaxies: Host galaxy masses and star-formation rates
• A panchromatic view of infrared quasars: excess star formation and radio emission in the most heavily obscured systems
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: Average radio spectral energy distribution of highly star-forming galaxies
• The redshift and star formation mode of AzTEC2: a pair of massive galaxies at $z=4.63$
• An AGN with an ionized gas outflow in a massive quiescent galaxy in a protocluster at $\mathbf{z}=3.09$
• Simulating the infrared sky with a Spritz
• The fundamental plane of black hole activity for low-luminosity radio active galactic nuclei across 1 < z < 4
• Far-Infrared Photometric Redshifts: A New Approach to a Highly Uncertain Enterprise
• Linear radio size evolution of $\mu$Jy populations
• CHILES VERDES: Radio variability at an unprecedented depth and cadence in the COSMOS field
• The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Deep fields: A new analysis of low-frequency radio luminosity as a star-formation tracer in the Lockman Hole region
• The X-ray and radio activity of typical and luminous Lya emitters from z~2 to z~6: evidence for a diverse, evolving population
• Cold Molecular Gas and Free-Free Emission from Hot, Dust-Obscured Galaxies at $z$~3
• The VLA Frontier Field Survey: A Comparison of the Radio and UV/optical size of $0.3\lesssim z\lesssim 3$ star-forming galaxies
• Nowhere to Hide: Radio-faint AGN in the GOODS-N field. II. Multi-wavelength AGN selection techniques and host galaxy properties
• Probing the Timescale of the 1.4 GHz Radio emissions as a Star formation tracer
• Radio spectral properties of star-forming galaxies between 150-5000MHz in the ELAIS-N1 field
• SMBH accretion properties of radio-selected AGN out to z~4
• Resolved CO(1-0) emission and gas properties in luminous dusty star forming galaxies at z=2-4
• Noema formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): Discovery of a starbursting galaxy group with a radio-luminous core at z=3.95
• Illuminating the Dark Side of Cosmic Star Formation III: Building the largest homogeneous sample of Radio-Selected Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies in COSMOS with PhoEBO
• An ultra-deep multi-band VLA survey of the faint radio sky (COSMOS-XS): New constraints on the cosmic star formation history
• The XXL Survey: XXXI. Classification and host galaxy properties of 2.1 GHz ATCA XXL-S radio sources
• Revealing Dust Obscured Star Formation in CLJ1449+0856, a Cluster at z=2
• COLDz: Deep 34 GHz Continuum Observations and Free-free Emission in High-redshift Star-forming Galaxies
• Radio AGN Selection and Characterization in Three Deep-Drilling Fields of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time
• Heavily Obscured AGN detection: a Radio vs X-ray challenge
• Multiwavelength radio observations of a Brightest Cluster Galaxy at z=1.71: Detection of a modest Active Galactic Nucleus and evidence for extended star formation
• COLDz: Probing Cosmic Star Formation With Radio Free-free Emission
• LoTSS/HETDEX: Disentangling star formation and AGN activity in gravitationally-lensed radio-quiet quasars
• Deciphering the radio star formation correlation on kpc scales II. The integrated infrared-radio continuum and star formation - radio continuum correlations
• The Long and the Short of It: The Benefits and Leverage of Ultraviolet-Radio Galaxy Fitting
• A super-linear "radio-AGN main sequence'' links mean radio-AGN power and galaxy stellar mass since z$\sim$3
• LADUMA: Discovery of a luminous OH megamaser at $z>0.5$
• Cosmic evolution of radio-excess AGNs in quiescent and star-forming galaxies across $0<z<4$
• Deep uGMRT observations of the ELAIS-North 1 field: statistical properties of radio--infrared relations up to $z\sim$2
• A deep radio view of the evolution of the cosmic star-formation rate density from a stellar-mass selected sample in VLA-COSMOS
• The Ly$\alpha$, CIV, and HeII nebulae around J1000+0234: a galaxy pair at the center of a galaxy overdensity at $z=4.5$
• The MOSDEF Survey: Calibrating the relationship between H$\alpha$ star-formation rate and radio continuum luminosity at $1.4<z<2.6$
• A study on the Clustering Properties of Radio-Selected sources in the Lockman Hole Region at 325 MHz
• The XXL Survey : XXVI. Optical and near-infrared identifications of the ATCA 2.1 GHz radio sources in the XXL-S Field
• Connecting MeerKAT radio continuum properties to GAMA optical emission-line and WISE mid-infrared activity
• Searching for Kardashev Type III civilisations from High $q$-Value Sources in the LoTSS-DR1 Value-added Catalogue
• A model for the infrared-radio correlation of main-sequence galaxies at GHz frequencies and its variation on redshift and stellar mass
• The XXL Survey: XLIII. The quasar radio loudness dichotomy exposed via radio luminosity functions obtained by combining results from COSMOS and XXL-S X-ray selected quasars
• Probabilistic and progressive deblended far-infrared and sub-millimetre point source catalogues I. Methodology and first application in the COSMOS field
• Radio-Infrared Correlation for Local Dusty Galaxies and Dusty AGNs from the AKARI All Sky Survey
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: Average radio spectral energy distribution of active galactic nuclei
• Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies at Low and Very-Low Radio Luminosity Range
• Going deeper into the dark with COSMOS-Web: JWST unveils the total contribution of Radio-Selected NIRfaint galaxies to the cosmic Star Formation Rate Density
• Low-Frequency Turnover Star Forming Galaxies I: Radio Continuum Observations and Global Properties
• The infrared-radio relation in the local universe
• Effect of the environment on star formation activity and stellar mass for star-forming galaxies in the COSMOS field
• Gas properties as a function of environment in the proto-supercluster Hyperion at z ~ 2.45
• A subarcsecond near-infrared view of massive galaxies at z > 1 with Gemini Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics
• WALLABY Pre-Pilot Survey: Radio Continuum Properties of the Eridanus Supergroup
• Understanding the radio luminosity function of star-forming galaxies and its cosmological evolution
• The Radio Spectral Energy Distribution and Star Formation Calibration in MIGHTEE-COSMOS Highly Star-Forming Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 3.5
• Searching for obscured AGN in z $\sim$ 2 submillimetre galaxies
• Evolution of thermal and nonthermal radio continuum emission on kpc scales--Predictions for SKA
• Feedback Factory: Multiple faint radio-jets detected in a cluster at z=2
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: The infrared-radio correlation and AGN fraction of star-forming galaxies at z $\sim$ 4.4-5.9
• Impact of Galactic Interactions on the Evolution of the Far-Infrared-Radio Correlation
• Narrowing the discovery space of the cosmological 21-cm signal using multi-wavelength constraints
• The MOSDEF Survey: A New View of a Remarkable z=1.89 Merger
• Probing the Infrared/Radio correlation of the full IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample with MeerKAT and the VLA
• SEMPER I. Radio Predictions for Star-Forming Galaxies at $0<z<5$
• Detailed study of the Bootes field using 300-500 MHz uGMRT observations: Source Properties and radio--infrared correlations
• Tracing obscured galaxy build-up at high redshift using deep radio surveys
• Compact dust-obscured star-formation and the origin of the galaxy bimodality
• SOFIA/HAWC+ detection of a gravitationally lensed starburst galaxy at $z$ = 1.03
• Host galaxy and nuclear properties of IR-selected AGNs with and without outflow signatures
• CONGRuENTS (COsmic-ray, Neutrino, Gamma-ray and Radio Non-Thermal Spectra). II. Population-level correlations between galactic infrared, radio, and γ-ray emission
• Deblending the MIGHTEE-COSMOS survey with XID+: The resolved radio source counts to $S_{1.4}\approx 5\mu$Jy
• What Drives the Bimodal Distribution of Eddington-Scaled Radio Luminosity in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies?
• MeerKAT radio continuum imaging of nearby star-forming spirals in the NGC 6221, NGC 3256/3263, and NGC 2434 galaxy groups
• Hosts and environments: a (large-scale) radio history of AGN and star-forming galaxies
• HerS-3: An Exceptional Einstein Cross Reveals a Massive Dark Matter Halo
• Artificial Broadcasts as Galactic Populations: II. Comparing Individualist and Collective Bounds on Broadcast Populations in Single Galaxies
• Far-infrared observations of dust in Ly$\alpha$ emitters at z=2-6
• A VLA Survey of Late-time Radio Emission from Superluminous Supernovae and the Host Galaxies
• Using strong lensing to understand the microJy radio emission in two radio quiet quasars at redshift 1.7
• High resolution radio analysis of the starburst galaxy NGC 4527: signatures of an AGN core