Hidden in plain sight: a massive, dusty starburst in a galaxy protocluster at z=5.7 in the COSMOS field

Abstract

We report the serendipitous discovery of a dusty, starbursting galaxy at $z=5.667$ (hereafter called CRLE) in close physical association with the "normal" main-sequence galaxy HZ10 at $z=5.654$. CRLE was identified by detection of [CII], [NII] and CO(2-1) line emission, making it the highest redshift, most luminous starburst in the COSMOS field. This massive, dusty galaxy appears to be forming stars at a rate of at least 1500$M_{\odot }$ yr${}^{-1}$ in a compact region only $\sim 3$ kpc in diameter. The dynamical and dust emission properties of CRLE suggest an ongoing merger driving the starburst, in a potentially intermediate stage relative to other known dusty galaxies at the same epoch. The ratio of [CII] to [NII] may suggest that an important ($\sim 15\%$) contribution to the [CII] emission comes from a diffuse ionized gas component, which could be more extended than the dense, starbursting gas. CRLE appears to be located in a significant galaxy overdensity at the same redshift, potentially associated with a large-scale cosmic structure recently identified in a Lyman Alpha Emitter survey. This overdensity suggests that CRLE and HZ10 reside in a protocluster environment, offering the tantalizing opportunity to study the effect of a massive starburst on protocluster star formation. Our findings support the interpretation that a significant fraction of the earliest galaxy formation may occur from the inside out, within the central regions of the most massive halos, while rapidly evolving into the massive galaxy clusters observed in the local Universe.

arXiv comment16 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables, final version to appear on ApJ (accepted May 19, 2018)

References in corpus (86)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• Simulating the joint evolution of quasars, galaxies and their large-scale distribution
• MultiNest: an efficient and robust Bayesian inference tool for cosmology and particle physics
• Detailed Structural Decomposition of Galaxy Images
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor
• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era
• The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) -- Overview
• X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue
• Rotating Nuclear Rings and Extreme Starbursts in Ultraluminous Galaxies
• The COSMOS2015 Catalog: Exploring the 1<z<6 Universe with half a million galaxies
• Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• Analysis of galaxy SEDs from far-UV to far-IR with CIGALE: Studying a SINGS test sample
• Calibrating Extinction-Free Star Formation Rate Diagnostics with 33GHz Free-Free Emission in NGC6946
• Submillimeter Galaxies
• The Dust Opacity of Star-Forming Galaxies
• Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• ISM masses and the star formation law at Z = 1 to 6 // ALMA observations of dust continuum in 145 galaxies in the COSMOS survey field
• PACS Evolutionary Probe (PEP) - A Herschel Key Program
• The Interstellar Medium In Galaxies Seen A Billion Years After The Big Bang
• On the effect of the Cosmic Microwave Background in high-redshift (sub-)millimeter observations
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: Continuum data and source catalog release
• Ancient Light from Young Cosmic Cities: Physical and Observational Signatures of Galaxy Proto-Clusters
• Evolution of Interstellar Medium, Star Formation, and Accretion at High Redshift
• An ALMA Survey of Submillimetre Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: The Far-Infrared Properties of SMGs
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: 850um maps, catalogues and number counts
• Formation of z ~ 6 quasars from hierarchical galaxy mergers
• Tracing the molecular gas in distant submillimetre galaxies via CO(1-0) imaging with the EVLA
• A massive proto-cluster of galaxies at a redshift of z {\approx} 5.3
• ALMA redshifts of millimeter-selected galaxies from the SPT survey: The redshift distribution of dusty star-forming galaxies
• The Intense Starburst HDF850.1 in a Galaxy Overdensity at z=5.2 in the Hubble Deep Field
• A Herschel/PACS Far Infrared Line Emission Survey of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Galaxy growth in a massive halo in the first billion years of cosmic history
• The Atlas3D project - XIV. The extent and kinematics of molecular gas in early-type galaxies
• The VLA-COSMOS Survey. IV. Deep Data and Joint Catalog
• Galaxy Protoclusters as Drivers of Cosmic Star-Formation History in the First 2 Gyr
• Systematic Identification of LAEs for Visible Exploration and Reionization Research Using Subaru HSC (SILVERRUSH). I. Program Strategy and Clustering Properties of ~2,000 Lya Emitters at z=6-7 over the 0.3-0.5 Gpc${}^2$ Survey Area
• Rapidly star-forming galaxies adjacent to quasars at redshifts exceeding 6
• Evidence for a clumpy, rotating gas disk in a submillimeter galaxy at z=4
• ALMA Imaging of Gas and Dust in a Galaxy Protocluster at Redshift 5.3: [CII] Emission in "Typical" Galaxies and Dusty Starbursts ~1 Billion Years after the Big Bang
• VLA-COSMOS 3GHz Large Project: The infrared-radio correlation of star-forming galaxies and AGN to $z\lesssim 6$
• An extreme proto-cluster of luminous dusty starbursts in the early Universe
• The Formation of Submillimetre-Bright Galaxies from Gas Infall over a Billion Years
• Herschel-ATLAS: a binary HyLIRG pinpointing a cluster of starbursting proto-ellipticals
• A Massive Molecular Gas Reservoir in the z=5.3 Submillimeter Galaxy AzTEC-3
• Imaging the molecular gas in a submm galaxy at z = 4.05: cold mode accretion or a major merger?
• The Radio Spectral Energy Distribution and Star Formation Rate Calibration in Galaxies
• GOODS-Herschel~: Gas-to-dust mass ratios and CO-to-H_2 conversion factors in normal and starbursting galaxies at high-z
• The kiloparsec-scale star formation law at redshift 4: wide-spread, highly efficient star formation in the dust-obscured starburst galaxy GN20
• The role of star-formation and AGN in dust heating of z = 0.3-2.8 galaxies - I. Evolution with redshift and luminosity
• The redshift distribution of dusty star forming galaxies from the SPT survey
• ISM properties of a Massive Dusty Star-Forming Galaxy discovered at z ~ 7
• Detection of the 205 um [NII] Line from the Carina Nebula
• Blind detections of CO J = 1--0 in 11 H-ATLAS galaxies at z = 2.1--3.5 with the GBT/Zpectrometer
• An ALMA survey of submillimetre galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Spectroscopic redshifts
• Spectral Energy Distributions of QSOs at z>5: common AGN-heated dust and occasionally strong star-formation
• A census of metals at high and low redshifts and the connection between submillimetre sources and spheroid formation
• The space density of luminous dusty star-forming galaxies at $z>4$: SCUBA-2 and LABOCA imaging of ultrared galaxies from $Herschel$-ATLAS
• Dust continuum emission as a tracer of gas mass in galaxies
• ALMA Imaging of HCN, CS and dust in Arp 220 and NGC 6240
• Are high redshift Galaxies hot? - Temperature of z > 5 Galaxies and Implications on their Dust Properties
• ALMA Resolves the Nuclear Disks of Arp 220
• Lyman Alpha Emitters at Redshift 5.7 in the COSMOS Field
• LCDM predictions for galaxy protoclusters I: the relation between galaxies, protoclusters and quasars at z~6
• Witnessing the birth of the red sequence: ALMA high-resolution imaging of [CII] and dust in two interacting ultra-red starbursts at z = 4.425
• A spatially resolved study of cold dust, molecular gas, HII regions, and stars in the $z=2.12$ submillimeter galaxy ALESS67.1
• The dust content of high-z submillimeter galaxies revealed by Herschel
• Rise of the Titans: A Dusty, Hyper-Luminous "870 micron Riser" Galaxy at z~6
• The evolving far-IR galaxy luminosity function and dust-obscured star-formation rate density out to z~5
• CIGALEMC: Galaxy Parameter Estimation using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Approach with Cigale
• Starburst to quiescent from HST/ALMA: Stars and dust unveil minor mergers in submillimeter galaxies at $z\sim 4.5$
• The Ionized Gas in Nearby Galaxies as Traced by the [NII] 122 and 205 μm Transitions
• CO line emission from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• ALMA Reveals Weak [NII] Emission in "Typical" Galaxies and Intense Starbursts at z=5-6
• HerMES: The Rest-Frame UV Emission and A Lensing Model for the z=6.34 Luminous Dusty Starburst Galaxy HFLS3
• Imaging the Molecular Gas Properties of a Major Merger Driving the Evolution of a z=2.5 Submillimeter Galaxy
• A Total Molecular Gas Mass Census in z~2-3 Star-forming Galaxies: Low-J CO Excitation Probes of Galaxies' Evolutionary States
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Mid-Infrared Continuum Emission in a z>4 Submillimeter Galaxy
• Dust Properties of [CII] Detected z $\sim$ 5.5 Galaxies: New HST/WFC3 Near-IR Observations
• Complete infrared spectral energy distributions of mm detected quasars at z>5
• SILVERRUSH. II. First Catalogs and Properties of ~2,000 Lya Emitters and Blobs at z~6-7 Identified over the 14-21 deg2 Sky
• The infrared-radio correlation of spheroid- and disc-dominated star-forming galaxies to z $\sim$ 1.5 in the COSMOS field
• (Sub)millimetre interferometric imaging of a sample of COSMOS/AzTEC submillimetre galaxies III. Environments
• Environment of MAMBO galaxies in the COSMOS field

Cited by in corpus (66)

• COSMOS2020: A panchromatic view of the Universe to $z\sim 10$ from two complementary catalogs
• High-redshift star formation in the ALMA era
• "Super-deblended" Dust Emission in Galaxies: II. Far-IR to (sub)millimeter photometry and high redshift galaxy candidates in the full COSMOS field
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Multi-Wavelength Ancillary Data and Basic Physical Measurements
• On the dust temperatures of high redshift galaxies
• The Complete Redshift Distribution of Dusty Star-forming Galaxies from the SPT-SZ Survey
• Discovery of a dark, massive, ALMA-only galaxy at z~5-6 in a tiny 3-millimeter survey
• SILVERRUSH. VIII. Spectroscopic Identifications of Early Large Scale Structures with Protoclusters Over 200 Mpc at z~6-7: Strong Associations of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Massive Ancient Galaxies At $z>3$ NEar-infrared (MAGAZ3NE) Survey: Confirmation of Extremely Rapid Star-Formation and Quenching Timescales for Massive Galaxies in the Early Universe
• Discovery of four apparently cold dusty galaxies at z=3.62-5.85 in the COSMOS field: direct evidence of CMB impact on high-redshift galaxy observables
• Automated Mining of the ALMA Archive in the COSMOS Field (A3COSMOS): I. Robust ALMA Continuum Photometry Catalogs and Stellar Mass and Star Formation Properties for ~700 Galaxies at z=0.5-6
• ALMA Characterises the Dust Temperature of z ~ 5.5 Star-Forming Galaxies
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Protocluster at $z=3.37$ with a High Fraction of Quiescent Galaxies
• Dust, CO and [CI]: Cross-calibration of molecular gas mass tracers in metal-rich galaxies across cosmic time
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Kinematic Diversity & Rotation in Massive Star Forming Galaxies at z~4.4-5.9
• COLDz: A High Space Density of Massive Dusty Starburst Galaxies ~1 Billion Years after the Big Bang
• Knocking on giants' doors: I. The evolution of the dust-to-stellar mass ratio in distant dusty galaxies
• Confirming Herschel candidate protoclusters from ALMA/VLA CO observations
• Emergence of an Ultra-Red Ultra-Massive Galaxy Cluster Core at $z=4$
• Spatially Resolved [CII] Emission in SPT0346-52: A Hyper-Starburst Galaxy Merger at z~5.7
• Low star formation efficiency in typical galaxies at z=5-6
• The Young and the Wild: What happens to Protoclusters forming at z = 4?
• Spectroscopic observations of PHz G237.01+42.50: A galaxy protocluster at z=2.16 in the Cosmos field
• Impact of X-rays on CO emission from high-z galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: A Triple Merger at z~4.56
• CNO emission of an unlensed submillimeter galaxy at z=4.3
• Studying high-z galaxies with [CII] intensity mapping
• Probing the existence of a rich galaxy overdensity at z=5.2
• Testing Star Formation Laws on Spatially Resolved Regions in a $z\approx 4.3$ Starburst Galaxy
• Supercluster A2142 and collapse in action - infalling and merging groups and galaxy transformations
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: On the nature of an extremely obscured serendipitous galaxy
• A${}^3$COSMOS and A${}^3$GOODSS: Continuum Source Catalogues and Multi-band Number Counts
• A non-corotating gas component in an extreme starburst at z=4.3
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Gas, dust, and stars in star-forming galaxies when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old I. Survey overview and case studies
• COSMOS2020: Identification of High-z Protocluster Candidates in COSMOS
• Probing cold gas in a massive, compact star-forming galaxy at z=6
• The ISM Properties and Gas Kinematics of a Redshift 3 Massive Dusty Star-forming Galaxy
• Large Scale Structures in COSMOS2020: Evolution of Star Formation Activity in Different Environments at 0.4 < z < 4
• Rise of the Titans: Gas Excitation and Feedback in a Binary Hyper-Luminous Dusty Starburst Galaxy at z~6
• Probing the High-Redshift Universe with SPICA: Toward the Epoch of Reionization and Beyond
• The "Red Radio Ring": Ionised and Molecular Gas in a Starburst/Active Galactic Nucleus at $z\sim 2.55$
• Spitzer catalog of Herschel-selected ultrared dusty, star-forming galaxies
• Multi-Phase ISM in the z = 5.7 Hyperluminous Starburst SPT0346-52
• The evolution of high-density cores of the BOSS Great Wall superclusters
• The infrared-luminous progenitors of high-z quasars
• Morphological Evolution of the Hosts of Far-Infrared/Submillimeter Galaxies
• Predictions for the sky-averaged depth of the 21cm absorption signal at high redshift in cosmologies with and without non-baryonic cold dark matter
• The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] survey: the luminosity function of serendipitous [C II] line emitters at $z\sim 5$
• Tomography of the environment of the COSMOS/AzTEC-3 submillimeter galaxy at z=5.3 revealed by Lyalpha and MUSE observations
• JWST/MIRI unveils the stellar component of the GN20 dusty galaxy overdensity at $z$=4.05
• Gas and Star Formation from HD and Dust Emission in a Strongly Lensed Galaxy
• Molecular Gas Excitation of the Massive Dusty Starburst CRLE and the Main-Sequence Galaxy HZ10 at z=5.7 in the COSMOS Field
• Galaxy populations in protoclusters at cosmic noon
• Ionized Carbon in Galaxies: The [C II] 158 $\mu$m Line as a Total Molecular Gas Mass Tracer Revisited
• ALMA Observations for CO Emission from Luminous Lyman-break Galaxies at $z=6.0293$-$6.2037$
• The ALMA-CRISTAL Survey: Complex kinematics of the galaxies at the end of the Reionization Era
• Behind the dust veil: A panchromatic view of an optically dark galaxy at z=4.82
• Exploring the environment, magnetic fields, and feedback effects of massive high-redshift galaxies with [CII]
• The [NII] 205 $\mu$m line emission from high-z SMGs and QSOs
• A massive quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster at z=3.09
• Counterparts of Candidate Dusty Starbursts at z > 6
• [CII] luminosity models and large-scale image cubes based on COSMOS 2020 and ALPINE-ALMA [CII] data back to the epoch of reionisation
• Cosmic Vine: High abundance of massive galaxies and dark matter halos in a forming cluster at z=3.44
• Spectroscopic confirmation of the galaxy clusters CARLA J0950+2743 at z=2.363, and CARLA-Ser J0950+2743 at z=2.243
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Do Unusually Cold Starburst Galaxies Exist? A Case Study