Euclid. V. The Flagship galaxy mock catalogue: a comprehensive simulation for the Euclid mission

Abstract

We present the Flagship galaxy mock, a simulated catalogue of billions of galaxies designed to support the scientific exploitation of the Euclid mission. Euclid is a medium-class mission of the European Space Agency optimised to determine the properties of dark matter and dark energy on the largest scales of the Universe. It probes structure formation over more than 10 billion years primarily from the combination of weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering data. The breath of Euclid's data will also foster a wide variety of scientific analyses. The Flagship simulation was developed to provide a realistic approximation to the galaxies that will be observed by Euclid and used in its scientific analyses. We ran a state-of-the-art N-body simulation with four trillion particles, producing a lightcone on the fly. From the dark matter particles, we produced a catalogue of 16 billion haloes in one octant of the sky in the lightcone up to redshift z=3. We then populated these haloes with mock galaxies using a halo occupation distribution and abundance matching approach, calibrating the free parameters of the galaxy mock against observed correlations and other basic galaxy properties. Modelled galaxy properties include luminosity and flux in several bands, redshifts, positions and velocities, spectral energy distributions, shapes and sizes, stellar masses, star formation rates, metallicities, emission line fluxes, and lensing properties. We selected a final sample of 3.4 billion galaxies with a magnitude cut of H_E<26, where we are complete. We have performed a comprehensive set of validation tests to check the similarity to observational data and theoretical models. In particular, our catalogue is able to closely reproduce the main characteristics of the weak lensing and galaxy clustering samples to be used in the mission's main cosmological analysis. (abridged)

Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations

References in corpus (158)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• The cosmological simulation code GADGET-2
• HEALPix -- a Framework for High Resolution Discretization, and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• Efficient Computation of CMB anisotropies in closed FRW models
• The Origin of the Mass--Metallicity Relation: Insights from 53,000 Star-Forming Galaxies in the SDSS
• LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products
• Weak Gravitational Lensing
• Statistical Properties of X-ray Clusters: Analytic and Numerical Comparisons
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey
• Cosmological Hydrodynamics with Adaptive Mesh Refinement: a new high resolution code called RAMSES
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey - The Hubble Space Telescope Observations, Imaging Data Products and Mosaics
• Halo Models of Large Scale Structure
• Simulating Galaxy Formation with the IllustrisTNG Model
• Hierarchical Galaxy Formation
• The Aquarius Project: the subhalos of galactic halos
• Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
• Toward a halo mass function for precision cosmology: the limits of universality
• Accurate photometric redshifts for the CFHT Legacy Survey calibrated using the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey
• The Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey: Initial Results From Optical and Near-Infrared Imaging
• X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue
• The Rockstar Phase-Space Temporal Halo Finder and the Velocity Offsets of Cluster Cores
• UniverseMachine: The Correlation between Galaxy Growth and Dark Matter Halo Assembly from z=0-10
• NYU-VAGC: a galaxy catalog based on new public surveys
• COSMOS Photometric Redshifts with 30-bands for 2-deg2
• Constraints on the relationship between stellar mass and halo mass at low and high redshift
• Revising the Halofit Model for the Nonlinear Matter Power Spectrum
• Analytic model for galaxy and dark matter clustering
• The Galaxy Luminosity Function and Luminosity Density at Redshift z=0.1
• Semi-Analytic Modelling of Galaxy Formation: The Local Universe
• Mass assembly in quiescent and star-forming galaxies since z=4 from UltraVISTA
• Cosmology and Fundamental Physics with the Euclid Satellite
• A Comprehensive Analysis of Uncertainties Affecting the Stellar Mass - Halo Mass Relation for 0<z<4
• Halo occupation numbers and galaxy bias
• Clustering of Galaxies in a Hierarchical Universe: I. Methods and Results at z=0
• The Dark Side of the Halo Occupation Distribution
• The Halo Occupation Distribution: Towards an Empirical Determination of the Relation Between Galaxies and Mass
• Dancing in the dark: galactic properties trace spin swings along the cosmic web
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Hard X-ray selected AGNs in the XMDS Survey
• The Connection between Galaxies and their Dark Matter Halos
• Galaxy Clustering in the Completed SDSS Redshift Survey: The Dependence on Color and Luminosity
• KiDS-1000 Cosmology: Multi-probe weak gravitational lensing and spectroscopic galaxy clustering constraints
• How Many Galaxies Fit in a Halo? Constraints on Galaxy Formation Efficiency from Spatial Clustering
• Constraining Galaxy Formation and Cosmology with the Conditional Luminosity Function of Galaxies
• Status of neutrino oscillations 2018: first hint for normal mass ordering and improved CP sensitivity
• First Data Release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
• Euclid. I. Overview of the Euclid mission
• Galaxies in N-body simulations: overcoming the overmerging problem
• COLOSSUS: A python toolkit for cosmology, large-scale structure, and dark matter halos
• The Nature of Galaxy Bias and Clustering
• COSMOS2020: A panchromatic view of the Universe to $z\sim 10$ from two complementary catalogs
• The Importance of Satellite Quenching for the Build-Up of the Red Sequence of Present Day Galaxies
• The Cosmological Analysis of the SDSS/BOSS data from the Effective Field Theory of Large-Scale Structure
• Weak Lensing of the CMB: A Harmonic Approach
• Bayesian Galaxy Shape Measurement for Weak Lensing Surveys - III. Application to the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey
• Theoretical Evolution of Optical Strong Lines across Cosmic Time
• The MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) Survey: Rest-Frame Optical Spectroscopy for ~1500 H-Selected Galaxies at 1.37 < z < 3.8
• Extended Limber Approximation
• Cosmological Parameters from the BOSS Galaxy Power Spectrum
• Spatial correlation function and pairwise velocity dispersion of galaxies: CDM models versus the Las Campanas Survey
• Rotation-Dependent Catastrophic Disruption of Gravitational Aggregates
• Dependence of the outer density profiles of halos on their mass accretion rate
• EMERGE - An empirical model for the formation of galaxies since $z\sim 10$
• Simulating cosmic structure formation with the GADGET-4 code
• The properties and luminosity function of extremely low luminosity galaxies
• The Mass-Metallicity and the Fundamental Metallicity Relation revisited on a fully Te-based abundance scale for galaxies
• The Connection between Galaxies and Dark Matter Structures in the Local Universe
• Ray-tracing through the Millennium Simulation: Born corrections and lens-lens coupling in cosmic shear and galaxy-galaxy lensing
• HMcode-2020: Improved modelling of non-linear cosmological power spectra with baryonic feedback
• The Skewness of the Aperture Mass Statistic
• GALICS I: A hybrid N-body semi-analytic model of hierarchical galaxy formation
• The Cosmic BPT Diagram: Confronting Theory with Observations
• The Uchuu Simulations: Data Release 1 and Dark Matter Halo Concentrations
• An accurate physical model for halo concentrations
• The universality of the virial halo mass function and models for non-universality of other halo definitions
• The FLAMINGO project: cosmological hydrodynamical simulations for large-scale structure and galaxy cluster surveys
• Discriminating weak lensing from intrinsic spin correlations using the curl-gradient decomposition
• Shark: introducing an open source, free and flexible semi-analytic model of galaxy formation
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Data Release 4 and the z < 0.1 total and z < 0.08 morphological galaxy stellar mass functions
• Fast estimation of polarization power spectra using correlation functions
• HACC: Simulating Sky Surveys on State-of-the-Art Supercomputing Architectures
• Splashback in accreting dark matter halos
• SZ effects in the Magneticum Pathfinder Simulation: Comparison with the Planck, SPT, and ACT results
• A new method to quantify the effects of baryons on the matter power spectrum
• Corrfunc --- A Suite of Blazing Fast Correlation Functions on the CPU
• The BACCO Simulation Project: Exploiting the full power of large-scale structure for cosmology
• MAMPOSSt: Modelling Anisotropy and Mass Profiles of Observed Spherical Systems. I. Gaussian 3D velocities
• The Dark Side of Galaxy Color
• COSMOS2020: The Galaxy Stellar Mass Function: the assembly and star formation cessation of galaxies at $0.2<z\le 7.5$
• AGN Emission Line Diagnostics and the Mass-Metallicity Relation up to Redshift z~2: the Impact of Selection Effects and Evolution
• The MICE Grand Challenge Lightcone Simulation III: Galaxy lensing mocks from all-sky lensing maps
• Galaxy assembly, stellar feedback and metal enrichment: the view from the GAEA model
• Modeling Galaxy-Mass Correlations in Dissipationless Simulations
• An algorithm to build mock galaxy catalogues using MICE simulations
• Large-scale dark matter simulations
• A Halo Model of Galaxy Colors and Clustering in the SDSS
• Euclid preparation: IX. EuclidEmulator2 -- Power spectrum emulation with massive neutrinos and self-consistent dark energy perturbations
• Matter power spectrum and the challenge of percent accuracy
• High Performance P3M N-body code: CUBEP3M
• Galaxy Halo Occupation at High Redshift
• The onion universe: all sky lightcone simulations in spherical shells
• Lensed CMB simulation and parameter estimation
• Measuring line-of-sight dependent Fourier-space clustering using FFTs
• Gaussian covariance matrices for anisotropic galaxy clustering measurements
• The velocity modulation of galaxy properties in and near clusters: quantifying the decrease in star formation in backsplash galaxies
• Extra-galactic background light measurements from the far-UV to the far-IR from deep ground and space-based galaxy counts
• The $\text{Abacus}$ Cosmological $N$-body Code
• Velocity dispersion around ellipticals in MOND
• Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument
• Modelling the number density of Halpha emitters for future spectroscopic near-IR space missions
• The Evolution of the Optical and Near-Infrared Galaxy Luminosity Functions and Luminosity Densities to z~2
• Euclid. II. The VIS Instrument
• A High-Fidelity Realization of the Euclid Code Comparison $N$-body Simulation with Abacus
• The FMOS-COSMOS survey of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.6$ VI: Redshift and emission-line catalog and basic properties of star-forming galaxies
• KiDS+GAMA: Intrinsic alignment model constraints for current and future weak lensing cosmology
• The LSST DESC DC2 Simulated Sky Survey
• Arguments against using $h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}$ units in observational cosmology
• The distribution of red and blue galaxies in groups: an empirical test of the halo model
• Dark matter statistics for large galaxy catalogs: power spectra and covariance matrices
• A catalog of polychromatic bulge-disk decompositions of ~ 17.600 galaxies in CANDELS
• The three-point correlation function of cosmic shear. II: Relation to the bispectrum of the projected mass density and generalized third-order aperture measures
• Intrinsic alignments of BOSS LOWZ galaxies II: Impact of shape measurement methods
• The CAMELS project: public data release
• Fitting the nonlinear matter bispectrum by the Halofit approach
• Tracing the Quenching Journey across Cosmic Time
• Galaxy-CMB and galaxy-galaxy lensing on large scales: sensitivity to primordial non-Gaussianity
• Structural and dynamical modeling of WINGS clusters. II. The orbital anisotropies of elliptical, spiral and lenticular galaxies
• Satellite Kinematics I: A New Method to Constrain the Halo Mass-Luminosity Relation of Central Galaxies
• Accurate mass and velocity functions of dark matter halos
• The splashback boundary of haloes in hydrodynamic simulations
• On the importance of lensing for galaxy clustering in photometric and spectroscopic surveys
• The Synthetic Emission Line COSMOS catalog: H$\alpha$ and [OII] galaxy luminosity functions and counts at $0.3<z<2.5$
• The Accuracy of Weak Lensing Simulations
• Shot noise and biased tracers: a new look at the halo model
• Modified gravity and massive neutrinos: constraints from the full shape analysis of BOSS galaxies and forecasts for Stage IV surveys
• The diffuse ionized gas (DIG) in star-forming galaxies: the influence of aperture effects on local HII regions
• Evolution of the cluster optical galaxy luminosity function in the CFHTLS : breaking the degeneracy between mass and redshift
• Linear bias forecasts for emission line cosmological surveys
• A new approach to cosmological structure formation with massive neutrinos
• COMET: Clustering Observables Modelled by Emulated perturbation Theory
• A roadmap to cosmological parameter analysis with third-order shear statistics I: Modelling and validation
• Linear bias and halo occupation distribution of emission line galaxies from Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• HST Grism-derived Forecasts for Future Galaxy Redshift Surveys
• Consistent and simultaneous modelling of galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing with Subhalo Abundance Matching
• Building robust AGN mock catalogs to unveil black hole evolution and for survey planning
• Halo-Galaxy Lensing: A Full Sky Approach
• Validating Synthetic Galaxy Catalogs for Dark Energy Science in the LSST Era
• CSST large-scale structure analysis pipeline: I. constructing reference mock galaxy redshift surveys
• Generating mock galaxy catalogues for flux-limited samples like the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey
• The Angular Power Spectrum of the First-Year WMAP Data Reanalysed
• The cosmological simulation code $\mathrm{CO}N\mathrm{CEPT}1.0$
• Clustering in the Simulated H$\alpha$ Galaxy Redshift Survey from Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• The Uchuu-GLAM BOSS and eBOSS LRG lightcones: Exploring clustering and covariance errors
• Euclid preparation: XLVIII. The pre-launch Science Ground Segment simulation framework
• Euclid preparation. LI. Forecasting the recovery of galaxy physical properties and their relations with template-fitting and machine-learning methods
• Impact of lensing magnification on the analysis of galaxy clustering in redshift space

Cited by in corpus (24)

• Euclid preparation. LIX. Angular power spectra from discrete observations
• Weak-lensing tunnel voids in simulated light cones: A new pipeline to investigate modified gravity and massive neutrinos signatures
• Euclid preparation: Determining the weak lensing mass accuracy and precision for galaxy clusters
• Euclid: Relativistic effects in the dipole of the 2-point correlation function
• Euclid: Photometric redshift calibration with the clustering redshifts technique
• Euclid preparation. Simulating thousands of Euclid spectroscopic skies
• Dark matter as the source of neutrino mass: theory overview and experimental prospects
• Modeling spatially-resolved galactic H$\alpha$ emission for galaxy clustering
• Euclid: Photometric redshift calibration with self-organising maps
• Extending evolution mapping to massive neutrinos with COMET
• Euclid preparation. 3-dimensional galaxy clustering in configuration space. Part I. 2-point correlation function estimation
• Cosmic shear nulling as a geometrical cosmological probe: Methodology and sensitivity to cosmological parameters and systematics
• PySCo: A fast Particle-Mesh $N$-body code for modified gravity simulations in Python
• The multi-dimensional halo assembly bias can be preserved when enhancing halo properties with HALOSCOPE
• The clustering of C IV and Si IV at the end of reionisation: A perspective from the E-XQR-30 survey
• Cosmological Frequency Combs
• Euclid: Early Release Observations. Weak gravitational lensing analysis of Abell 2390
• Euclid: Optimising tomographic redshift binning for 3$\times$2pt power spectrum constraints on dark energy
• Euclid preparation. 3D reconstruction of the cosmic web with simulated Euclid Deep spectroscopic samples
• Integrated Sachs-Wolfe maps from the Gower Street $w$CDM simulations
• Euclid: Improving redshift distribution reconstruction using a deep-to-wide transfer function
• Probing the large-scale structure with 21cm-galaxy cross-bispectrum: Estimates from simulations and forecasts for upcoming cosmological surveys
• Dynamic Zoom Simulations of structure formation beyond standard cosmology
• Cylindrical cosmological simulations with StePS