The Black Hole Mass Function Across Cosmic Times II. Heavy Seeds and (Super)Massive Black Holes

Abstract

This is the second paper in a series aimed at modeling the black hole (BH) mass function, from the stellar to the (super)massive regime. In the present work we focus on (super)massive BHs and provide an ab-initio computation of their mass function across cosmic times. We consider two main mechanisms to grow the central BH, that are expected to cooperate in the high-redshift star-forming progenitors of local massive galaxies. The first is the gaseous dynamical friction process, that can cause the migration toward the nuclear regions of stellar-mass BHs originated during the intense bursts of star formation in the gas-rich host progenitor galaxy, and the buildup of a central heavy BH seed $M_{\bullet }\sim 10^{3-5}{M}_{\odot }$ within short timescales $\lesssim$ some $10^7$ yr. The second mechanism is the standard Eddington-type gas disk accretion onto the heavy BH seed, through which the central BH can become (super)massive $M_{\bullet }\sim 10^{6-10}{M}_{\odot }$ within the typical star-formation duration $\lesssim 1$ Gyr of the host. We validate our semi-empirical approach by reproducing the observed redshift-dependent bolometric AGN luminosity functions and Eddington ratio distributions, and the relationship between the star-formation and the bolometric luminosity of the accreting central BH. We then derive the relic (super)massive BH mass function at different redshifts via a generalized continuity equation approach, and compare it with present observational estimates. Finally, we reconstruct the overall BH mass function from the stellar to the (super)massive regime, over more than ten orders of magnitudes in BH mass.

arXiv comment29 pages, 11 figures. Accepted by ApJ

References in corpus (215)

• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies
• Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• The slope of the black-hole mass versus velocity dispersion correlation
• First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way
• The epochs of early-type galaxy formation as a function of environment
• Local Supermassive Black Holes, Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei and the X-ray Background
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming "Main Sequence" from z~0-6
• Galactic star formation and accretion histories from matching galaxies to dark matter haloes
• Revisiting the Scaling Relations of Black Hole Masses and Host Galaxy Properties
• UniverseMachine: The Correlation between Galaxy Growth and Dark Matter Halo Assembly from z=0-10
• An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function
• A fundamental relation between mass, SFR and metallicity in local and high redshift galaxies
• A Physical Model for the Co-evolution of QSOs and of their Spheroidal Hosts
• Observational constraints on growth of massive black holes
• Constraining the Low-Mass Slope of the Star Formation Sequence at 0.5<z<2.5
• The lesser role of starbursts for star formation at z=2
• Relations Between Central Black Hole Mass and Total Galaxy Stellar Mass in the Local Universe
• The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day
• An ultra-luminous quasar with a twelve-billion-solar-mass black hole at redshift 6.30
• The formation of massive black holes through collision runaway in dense young star clusters
• De Re Metallica: The cosmic chemical evolution of galaxies
• Powerful Outflows and Feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei
• The obscured growth of massive black holes
• Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-Thick Populations
• The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
• AGN wind scaling relations and the co-evolution of black holes and galaxies
• Dynamical Friction in a Gaseous Medium
• What Drives the Growth of Black Holes?
• PRIMUS: Constraints on Star Formation Quenching and Galaxy Merging, and the Evolution of the Stellar Mass Function From z=0-1
• ISM masses and the star formation law at Z = 1 to 6 // ALMA observations of dust continuum in 145 galaxies in the COSMOS survey field
• Self-Consistent Models of the AGN and Black Hole Populations: Duty Cycles, Accretion Rates, and the Mean Radiative Efficiency
• The stellar mass assembly of galaxies in the Illustris simulation: growth by mergers and the spatial distribution of accreted stars
• A Luminous Quasar at Redshift 7.642
• EMERGE - An empirical model for the formation of galaxies since $z\sim 10$
• New Determinations of the UV Luminosity Functions from z~9 to z~2 show a remarkable consistency with halo growth and a constant star formation efficiency
• Mass Functions of the Active Black Holes in Distant Quasars from the Large Bright Quasar Survey, the Bright Quasar Survey, and the Color-Selected Sample of the SDSS Fall Equatorial Stripe
• Star Formation and Gas Kinematics of Quasar Host Galaxies at z~6: New insights from ALMA
• Ages and metallicities of early-type galaxies in the SDSS: new insight into the physical origin of the colour-magnitude and the Mg2-sigmaV relations
• The Dearth of z~10 Galaxies in all HST Legacy Fields -- The Rapid Evolution of the Galaxy Population in the First 500 Myr
• Two ten-billion-solar-mass black holes at the centres of giant elliptical galaxies
• On the cosmic evolution of the scaling relations between black holes and their host galaxies: Broad Line AGN in the zCOSMOS survey
• Super-massive Black Hole Demography: the Match between the Local and Accreted Mass Functions
• Universal bolometric corrections for AGN over 7 luminosity decades
• Multiwavelength study of massive galaxies at z~2. II. Widespread Compton thick AGN and the concurrent growth of black holes and bulges
• The International Pulsar Timing Array second data release: Search for an isotropic Gravitational Wave Background
• The Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function at z = 0-7
• The Radiative Efficiency of Accretion Flows in Individual AGN
• A synthesis model for AGN evolution: supermassive black holes growth and feedback modes
• The Mean Star Formation Rate of X-ray selected Active Galaxies and its Evolution from z=2.5: Results from PEP-Herschel
• The contribution of starbursts and normal galaxies to infrared luminosity functions at z < 2
• Cold flows and the first quasars
• The Evolution of ISM Mass Probed by Dust Emission -- ALMA Observations at z = 0.3 to 2
• The Assembly of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshifts
• The AGN-starburst connection, Galactic superwinds, and M_BH - sigma
• Merging black hole binaries with the SEVN code
• The origins of massive black holes
• Slim Disk Model for Soft X-Ray Excess and Variability of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Selection bias in dynamically-measured super-massive black hole samples: its consequences and the quest for the most fundamental relation
• Direct Formation of Supermassive Black Holes via Multi-Scale Gas Inflows in Galaxy Mergers
• Super-Critical Growth of Massive Black Holes from Stellar-Mass Seeds
• GOODS-Herschel: The far-infrared view of star formation in AGN host galaxies since z~3
• The Role of Gas in the Merging of Massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei. I. Black Hole Merging in a Spherical Gas Cloud
• Evolution of the AGN UV luminosity function from redshift 7.5
• Joint Formation of QSOs and Spheroids: QSOs as clocks of star formation in Spheroids
• Mass function of dormant black holes and the evolution of the Active Galactic Nuclei
• ALMA Imaging and Gravitational Lens Models of South Pole Telescope-Selected Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshifts
• Star Formation at $4<z<6$ From the Spitzer Large Area Survey with Hyper-Suprime-Cam (SPLASH)
• Growth and activity of black holes in galaxy mergers with varying mass ratios
• Accretion-Driven Evolution of Black Holes: Eddington Ratios, Duty Cycles, and Active Galaxy Fractions
• The VANDELS survey: the star-formation histories of massive quiescent galaxies at 1.0 < z < 1.3
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: The nature, luminosity function and star formation history of dusty galaxies up to z~6
• High-redshift galaxies, their active nuclei and central black holes
• Compact starbursts in z~3-6 submillimeter galaxies revealed by ALMA
• The mass relations between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at 1<z<2 with HST-WFC3
• Tracing the cosmic growth of super massive black holes to z ~ 3 with Herschel
• Linking the spin evolution of massive black holes to galaxy kinematics
• Charting the evolution of the ages and metallicities of massive galaxies since z=0.7
• The Black Hole Mass - Spheroid Luminosity relation
• Quasar Luminosity Functions from Joint Evolution of Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: ALMA resolves the bright-end of the sub-millimeter number counts
• ALMA observations of molecular tori around massive black holes
• Herschel-ATLAS Galaxy Counts and High Redshift Luminosity Functions: The Formation of Massive Early Type Galaxies
• A remarkably flat relationship between the average star formation rate and AGN luminosity for distant X-ray AGN
• X-rays across the galaxy population - II. The distribution of AGN accretion rates as a function of stellar mass and redshift
• The Evolution of the IR Luminosity Function and Dust-obscured Star Formation in the Last 13 Billion Years
• The Demographics of Broad Line Quasars in the Mass-Luminosity Plane II. Black Hole Mass and Eddington Ratio Functions
• Exploring Reionization-Era Quasars III: Discovery of 16 Quasars at $6.4\lesssim z\lesssim 6.9$ with DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys and UKIRT Hemisphere Survey and Quasar Luminosity Function at $z\sim 6.7$
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: The cosmic star formation history since z~5
• The Observational Signatures of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds
• The Rising Star-Formation Histories of Distant Galaxies and Implications for Gas Accretion with Time
• Faint high-redshift AGN in the Chandra Deep Field South: the evolution of the AGN luminosity function and black hole demography
• The evolution of active galactic nuclei and their spins
• A 17-billion-solar-mass black hole in a group galaxy with a diffuse core
• Star formation rate and dynamical mass of 10^8 solar mass black hole host galaxies at redshift 6
• The Star Formation Rate Function for Redshift z~4-7 Galaxies: Evidence for a Uniform Build-Up of Star-Forming Galaxies During the First 3 Gyr of Cosmic Time
• Bulge-forming galaxies with an extended rotating disk at z~2
• No significant evolution of relations between Black hole mass and Galaxy total stellar mass up to z~2.5
• Modeling the cosmological co-evolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies: I. BH scaling relations and the AGN luminosity function
• The XMM-Newton serendipitous ultraviolet source survey catalogue
• Very high redshift quasars and the rapid emergence of super-massive black holes
• Chemical element ratios of SDSS early-type galaxies
• Black Hole Mass Scaling Relations for Early-Type Galaxies: $M_{BH}$-$M_{\ast ,sph}$ and $M_{BH}$-$M_{\ast ,gal}$
• High-redshift formation and evolution of central massive objects II: The census of BH seeds
• Detailed Shape and Evolutionary Behavior of the X-ray Luminosity Function of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Coevolution of Supermassive Black Holes and Massive Galaxies at High Redshift
• Black Hole and Galaxy Coevolution from Continuity Equation and Abundance Matching
• Three new VHS-DES Quasars at 6.7 < z < 6.9 and Emission Line Properties at z > 6.5
• Modeling the cosmological co-evolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies: II. The clustering of quasars and their dark environment
• Galaxy Evolution in the Radio Band: The Role of Starforming Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• Dust emission in an accretion-rate-limited sample of z>6 quasars
• A gravitationally unstable gas disk of a starburst galaxy 12 billion years ago
• The mass function of high redshift seed black holes
• The origin of most massive black holes at high-z: BLUETIDES and the next quasar frontier
• The low-end of the black hole mass function at cosmic dawn
• The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey XI. Constraining the low-mass end of the stellar mass - star formation rate relation at $z<1$
• Star formation in galaxies at z~4-5 from the SMUVS survey: a clear starburst/main-sequence bimodality for Halpha emitters on the SFR-M* plane
• AGN host galaxy mass function in COSMOS: is AGN feedback responsible for the mass-quenching of galaxies?
• Direct formation of supermassive black holes in metal-enriched gas at the heart of high-redshift galaxy mergers
• The mean star formation rates of unobscured QSOs: searching for evidence of suppressed or enhanced star formation
• A 40-billion solar mass black hole in the extreme core of Holm 15A, the central galaxy of Abell 85
• Supermassive Black Holes in the Hierarchical Universe: A General Framework and Observational Tests
• The route to massive black hole formation via merger-driven direct collapse: a review
• Molecular gas in three z~7 quasar host galaxies
• A dusty compact object bridging galaxies and quasars at cosmic dawn
• Observational constraints on the specific accretion-rate distribution of X-ray selected AGN
• Accounting for selection effects in the BH-bulge relations: No evidence for cosmological evolution
• Massive relic galaxies challenge the co-evolution of SMBHs and their host galaxies
• The Mid-IR and X-ray Selected QSO Luminosity Function
• The discovery of a highly accreting, radio-loud quasar at z=6.82
• Selection bias in dynamically-measured super-massive black hole samples: consequences for pulsar timing arrays
• Constraints on QSO models from a relation between the QSO luminosity function and the local black hole mass function
• Star formation black hole growth and dusty tori in the most luminous AGNs at z=2-3.5
• Rotating starburst cores in massive galaxies at z=2.5
• Relationship between star formation rate and black hole accretion at z=2: The different contributions in quiescent, normal and starburst galaxies
• The Dramatic Size and Kinematic Evolution of Massive Early-Type Galaxies
• Galaxy mergers in EAGLE do not induce a significant amount of black hole growth yet do increase the rate of luminous AGN
• The Spitzer mid-infrared AGN survey. II-the demographics and cosmic evolution of the AGN population
• Massive Dead Galaxies at z~2 with HST Grism Spectroscopy I. Star Formation Histories and Metallicity Enrichment
• An ALMA survey of the S2CLS UDS field: Optically invisible submillimetre galaxies
• The spatially-resolved star formation histories of CALIFA galaxies: Implications for galaxy formation
• Illuminating the dark side of cosmic star formation two billion years after the Big Bang
• Evident black hole-bulge coevolution in the distant universe
• From galactic nuclei to the halo outskirts: tracing supermassive black holes across cosmic history and environments
• Cosmological simulations of black hole growth II: how (in)significant are merger events for fuelling nuclear activity?
• Mass Functions of Supermassive Black Holes Across Cosmic Time
• The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: The $M_{bh}$--$L_{spheroid}$ derived supermassive black hole mass function
• Co-evolution of massive black holes and their host galaxies at high redshift: discrepancies from six cosmological simulations and the key role of JWST
• Can we measure the accretion efficiency of Active Galactic Nuclei?
• Toward precise constraints on growth of massive black holes
• A powerful radio-loud quasar at the end of cosmic reionization
• Revealing the Stellar Mass and Dust Distributions of Submillimeter Galaxies at Redshift 2
• On the Accretion Rates and Radiative Efficiencies of the Highest Redshift Quasars
• Inferring the star formation histories of the most massive and passive early-type galaxies at z<0.3
• Infrared spectral energy distribution decomposition of WISE-selected, hyperluminous hot dust-obscured galaxies
• Dynamical friction of bodies orbiting in a gaseous sphere
• ALMA view of a massive spheroid progenitor: a compact rotating core of molecular gas in an AGN host at z=2.226
• ALMA measures rapidly depleted molecular gas reservoirs in massive quiescent galaxies at z~1.5
• The evolution of SMBH spin and AGN luminosities for $z<6$ within a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Surveys: First Direct Measurements of the >10 keV X-Ray Luminosity Function for Active Galactic Nuclei at z>0.1
• Black hole mass and Eddington ratio distribution functions of X-ray selected broad-line AGNs at z~1.4 in the Subaru XMM-Newton Deep Field
• AGN-Host Connection at 0.5 < z < 2.5: A rapid evolution of AGN fraction in red galaxies during the last 10 Gyr
• Quasar UV luminosity function evolution up to z=8
• The Main Sequences of Starforming Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei at High Redshift
• The Quest for Dusty Star-forming Galaxies at High Redshift z>4
• Analysis of the SFR - M* plane at z<3: single fitting versus multi-Gaussian decomposition
• Evolution of Galaxy Star Formation and Metallicity: Impact on Double Compact Objects Mergers
• Dust and gas content of high-redshift galaxies hosting obscured AGN in the CDF-S
• The Rapid Build-up of Massive Early-type Galaxies. Supersolar Metallicity, High Velocity Dispersion and Young Age for an ETG at z=3.35
• Probing black hole accretion tracks, scaling relations and radiative efficiencies from stacked X-ray active galactic nuclei
• Is there a relationship between AGN and star formation in IR-bright AGNs?
• New Analytic Solutions for Galaxy Evolution: Gas, Stars, Metals and Dust in local Early-Type Galaxies and in their high-z Starforming Progenitors
• Cosmological evolution of supermassive black holes. I. mass function at 0<z<2
• The bending of the star-forming main sequence traces the cold- to hot-accretion transition mass over 0<z<4
• Caught in the act: gas and stellar velocity dispersions in a fast quenching compact star-forming galaxy at z~1.7
• Cosmological evolution of massive black holes: effects of Eddington ratio distribution and quasar lifetime
• Synchronized Co-evolution between Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxies Over the Last Seven Billion Years as Revealed by the Hyper Suprime-Cam
• Accretion, Growth of Supermassive Black Holes, and Feedback in Galaxy Mergers
• The cosmic assembly of stellar haloes in massive Early-Type Galaxies
• Co-evolution of black hole accretion and star formation in galaxies up to z=3.5
• A Herschel Study of 24 micron-Selected AGNs and Their Host Galaxies
• AGNs as main contributors to the UV ionizing emissivity at high redshifts: predictions from a Lambda-CDM model with linked AGN/galaxy evolution
• The local black hole mass function derived from the M_{BH}-P and the M_{BH}-n relations
• ALMA Observations of Quasar Host Galaxies at $z\simeq 4.8$
• Cosmic evolution of star-forming galaxies to $z\simeq 1.8$ in the faint low-frequency radio source population
• Chandra and ALMA observations of the nuclear activity in two strongly lensed star forming galaxies
• Extreme star formation in the host galaxies of the fastest growing super-massive black holes at z=4.8
• Mergers of accreting stellar-mass black holes
• Growth of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds in ETG Star-Forming Progenitors: Multiple Merging of Stellar Compact Remnants via Gaseous Dynamical Friction and Gravitational Wave Emission
• Angular Momentum of Early and Late Type Galaxies: Nature or Nurture?
• The Black Hole Mass Function Across Cosmic Times I. Stellar Black Holes and Light Seed Distribution
• The Correlation between Black Hole Mass and Stellar Mass for Classical Bulges and the Cores of Ellipticals
• The impact of the Star Formation Histories on the SFR-M${}_{\ast }$ relation at z$\ge$2
• Unveiling the nature of 11 dusty star-forming galaxies at the peak of cosmic star formation history
• Ultramassive black holes in the most massive galaxies: $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-\sigma$ versus $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-R_{\mathrm{b}}$
• New Analytic Solutions for Galaxy Evolution II: Wind Recycling, Galactic Fountains and Late-Type Galaxies
• Building robust AGN mock catalogs to unveil black hole evolution and for survey planning
• Rejuvenation triggers nuclear activity in nearby galaxies
• Broadband spectral energy distributions of SDSS-selected quasars and of their host galaxies: intense activity at the onset of AGN feedback
• Mid-Infrared Selected Quasars I: Virial Black Hole Mass and Eddington Ratios
• Probing black hole accretion in quasar pairs at high redshift
• AGN in Dusty Starbursts at Z=2: Feedback Still To Kick In
• High Star Formation Rates of Low Eddington Ratio Quasars at $z\gtrsim 6$
• An Eddington ratio-driven origin for the ${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{X}}-{\mathrm{M}}_{\ast }$ relation in quiescent and star forming active galaxies
• A Physical Model for the Quasar Luminosity Function Evolution between Cosmic Dawn and High Noon
• AGN lifetimes in UV-selected galaxies: a clue to supermassive black hole-host galaxy coevolution
• Estimating lifetimes of uv-selected massive galaxies at $0.5\le z\le 2.5$ in the cosmos/ultravista field through clustering analyses
• Massive Black Hole Mergers

Cited by in corpus (4)

• The Assembly of Black Hole Mass and Luminosity Functions of High-redshift Quasars via Multiple Accretion Episodes
• Accretion properties of X-ray AGN: Evidence for radiation-regulated obscuration with redshift-dependent host galaxy contribution
• A New Census of the Universe's Entropy
• Fast, dust-poor outflows in the local candidate dual AGN MCG-03-34-64 observed with VLT/ERIS