The Black Hole Mass Function Across Cosmic Times I. Stellar Black Holes and Light Seed Distribution

Abstract

This is the first paper in a series aimed at modeling the black hole (BH) mass function, from the stellar to the intermediate to the (super)massive regime. In the present work we focus on stellar BHs and provide an ab-initio computation of their mass function across cosmic times. Specifically, we exploit the state-of-the-art stellar and binary evolutionary code \texttt{SEVN}, and couple its outputs with redshift-dependent galaxy statistics and empirical scaling relations involving galaxy metallicity, star-formation rate and stellar mass. The resulting relic mass function $\mathrm{d}N/\mathrm{d}V\mathrm{d}\log m_{\bullet }$ as a function of the BH mass $m_{\bullet }$ features a rather flat shape up to $m_{\bullet }\approx 50M_{\odot }$ and then a log-normal decline for larger masses, while its overall normalization at a given mass increases with decreasing redshift. We highlight the contribution to the local mass function from isolated stars evolving into BHs and from binary stellar systems ending up in single or binary BHs. We also include the distortion on the mass function induced by binary BH mergers, finding that it has a minor effect at the high-mass end. We estimate a local stellar BH relic mass density of ${\rho }_{\bullet }\approx 5\times 10^7{M}_{\odot }$ Mpc${}^{-3}$, which exceeds by more than two orders of magnitude that in supermassive BHs; this translates into an energy density parameter ${\Omega }_{\bullet }\approx 4\times 10^{-4}$, implying that the total mass in stellar BHs amounts to $\lesssim 1\%$ of the local baryonic matter. We show how our mass function for merging BH binaries compares with the recent estimates from gravitational wave observations by LIGO/Virgo, and discuss the possible implications for dynamical formation of BH binaries in dense environments like star clusters. [abridged]

28 pages, 14 figures. Accepted by ApJ

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