Ultramassive black holes in the most massive galaxies: $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-\sigma$ versus $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-R_{\mathrm{b}}$

Abstract

[Abridged] We investigate the nature of the relations between black hole (BH) mass ($M_{\mathrm{BH}}$) and the central velocity dispersion ($\sigma$) and, for core-Sérsic galaxies, the size of the depleted core ($R_{\mathrm{b}}$). Our sample of 144 galaxies with dynamically determined $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ encompasses 24 core-Sérsic galaxies, thought to be products of gas-poor mergers, and reliably identified based on high-resolution HST imaging. For core-Sérsic galaxies -- i.e., combining normal-core ($R_{\mathrm{b}}<0.5$ kpc) and large-core galaxies ($R_{\mathrm{b}}\gtrsim 0.5$ kpc), we find that $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ correlates remarkably well with $R_{\mathrm{b}}$ such that $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\propto R_{\mathrm{b}}^{1.20\pm 0.14}$ (rms scatter in log $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ of ${\Delta }_{\mathrm{rms}}\sim 0.29$ dex), confirming previous works on the same galaxies except three new ones. Separating the sample into Sérsic, normal-core and large-core galaxies, we find that Sérsic and normal-core galaxies jointly define a single log-linear $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-\sigma$ relation $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\propto {\sigma }^{4.88\pm 0.29}$ with ${\Delta }_{\mathrm{rms}}\sim 0.47$ dex, however, at the high-mass end large-core galaxies (four with measured $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$) are offset upward from this relation by ($2.5-4)\times {\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}}$, explaining the previously reported steepening of the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-\sigma$ relation for massive galaxies. Large-core spheroids have magnitudes $M_V\le -23.50$ mag, half-light radii Re $>$ 10 kpc and are extremely massive $M_{\ast }\ge 10^{12}{M}_{\odot }$. Furthermore, these spheroids tend to host ultramassive BHs ($M_{\mathrm{BH}}\ge 10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$) tightly connected with their $R_{\mathrm{b}}$ rather than $\sigma$. The less popular $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-R_{\mathrm{b}}$ relation exhibits $\sim$ 62% less scatter in log $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ than the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-\sigma$ relations.

11 pages, 4 figures, accepted (2020, November 27) for publication in ApJ

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