Dissipation and Extra Light in Galactic Nuclei: II. 'Cusp' Ellipticals

Abstract

We study the origin and properties of 'extra' or 'excess' central light in the surface brightness profiles of cusp or power-law ellipticals. Dissipational mergers give rise to two-component profiles: an outer profile established by violent relaxation acting on stars present in the progenitors prior to the final merger, and an inner stellar population comprising the extra light, formed in a compact starburst. Combining a large set of hydrodynamical simulations with data that span a broad range of profiles and masses, we show that this picture is borne out -- cusp ellipticals are indeed 'extra light' ellipticals -- and examine how the properties of this component scale with global galaxy properties. We show how to robustly separate the 'extra' light, and demonstrate that observed cusps are reliable tracers of the degree of dissipation in the spheroid-forming merger. We show that the typical degree of dissipation is a strong function of stellar mass, tracing observed disk gas fractions at each mass. We demonstrate a correlation between extra light content and effective radius at fixed mass: systems with more dissipation are more compact. The outer shape of the light profile does not depend on mass, with a mean outer Sersic index ~2.5. We explore how this relates to shapes, kinematics, and stellar population gradients. Simulations with the gas content needed to match observed profiles also reproduce observed age, metallicity, and color gradients, and we show how these can be used as tracers of the degree of dissipation in spheroid formation.

40 pages, 32 figures, accepted to ApJ (revised to match accepted version)

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Cited by in corpus (7)

• Quasars Are Not Light-Bulbs: Testing Models of Quasar Lifetimes with the Observed Eddington Ratio Distribution
• Dissipation and Extra Light in Galactic Nuclei: III. 'Core' Ellipticals and 'Missing' Light
• Feedback from central black holes in elliptical galaxies. I: models with either radiative or mechanical feedback but not both
• The mass-metallicity gradient relation of early-type galaxies
• Dissipation and the Fundamental Plane: Observational Tests
• Color Distributions, Number and Mass Densities of Massive Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 3: Comparing Observations with Merger Simulations
• The Elliptical-Spheroidal and Elliptical-Elliptical Galaxy Dichotomies