The GOGREEN Survey: A deep stellar mass function of cluster galaxies at 1.0<z<1.4 and the complex nature of satellite quenching

Abstract

We study the stellar mass functions (SMFs) of star-forming and quiescent galaxies in 11 galaxy clusters at 1.0<z<1.4, drawn from the Gemini Observations of Galaxies in Rich Early Environments (GOGREEN) survey. Based on more than 500 hours of Gemini/GMOS spectroscopy, and deep multi-band photometry taken with a range of observatories, we probe the SMFs down to a stellar mass limit of 10^9.7 Msun (10^9.5 Msun for star-forming galaxies). At this early epoch, the fraction of quiescent galaxies is already highly elevated in the clusters compared to the field at the same redshift. The quenched fraction excess (QFE) represents the fraction of galaxies that would be star-forming in the field, but are quenched due to their environment. The QFE is strongly mass dependent, and increases from ~30% at Mstar=10^9.7 Msun, to ~80% at Mstar=10^11.0 Msun. Nonetheless, the shapes of the SMFs of the two individual galaxy types, star-forming and quiescent galaxies, are identical between the clusters and the field - to high statistical precision. Yet, along with the different quiescent fractions is the total galaxy SMF environmentally dependent, with a relative deficit of low-mass galaxies in the clusters. These results are in stark contrast with findings in the local Universe, and thus require a substantially different quenching mode to operate at early times. We discuss these results in the light of several popular quenching models.

arXiv comment19 pages, 9 figures (excluding appendices). Accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (132)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• Stellar Masses and Star Formation Histories for 10^5 Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The USNO-B Catalog
• Mass and environment as drivers of galaxy evolution in SDSS and zCOSMOS and the origin of the Schechter function
• Evolutionary population synthesis: models, analysis of the ingredients and application to high-z galaxies
• EAZY: A Fast, Public Photometric Redshift Code
• Stellar mass-to-light ratios and the Tully-Fisher relation
• Galaxy Bimodality due to Cold Flows and Shock Heating
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the stellar mass content of groups and clusters of galaxies
• Quantifying the bimodal color-magnitude distribution of galaxies
• A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming "Main Sequence" from z~0-6
• Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
• UniverseMachine: The Correlation between Galaxy Growth and Dark Matter Halo Assembly from z=0-10
• From dwarf spheroidals to cDs: Simulating the galaxy population in a LCDM cosmology
• The COSMOS2015 Catalog: Exploring the 1<z<6 Universe with half a million galaxies
• An ultra-deep near-infrared spectrum of a compact quiescent galaxy at z=2.2
• 3D-HST WFC3-selected Photometric Catalogs in the Five CANDELS/3D-HST Fields: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts and Stellar Masses
• The Evolution of the Stellar Mass Functions of Star-Forming and Quiescent Galaxies to z = 4 from the COSMOS/UltraVISTA Survey
• Detection of quiescent galaxies in a bicolor sequence from z=0-2
• Galaxy bimodality versus stellar mass and environment
• Constraining the Low-Mass Slope of the Star Formation Sequence at 0.5<z<2.5
• The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day
• SWIRE: The SIRTF Wide-area InfraRed Extragalactic Survey
• The Green Valley is a Red Herring: Galaxy Zoo reveals two evolutionary pathways towards quenching of star formation in early- and late-type galaxies
• Galaxy formation in the Planck Cosmology - I. Matching the observed evolution of star formation rates, colours and stellar masses
• Galaxy evolution in groups and clusters: satellite star formation histories and quenching timescales in a hierarchical Universe
• Strangulation as the primary mechanism for shutting down star formation in galaxies
• Physical properties and environments of nearby galaxies
• Galaxy evolution in groups and clusters: star formation rates, red sequence fractions, and the persistent bimodality
• The NEWFIRM Medium-band Survey: Photometric Catalogs, Redshifts and the Bimodal Color Distribution of Galaxies out to z~3
• The Importance of Satellite Quenching for the Build-Up of the Red Sequence of Present Day Galaxies
• Mass and Environment as Drivers of Galaxy Evolution II: The quenching of satellite galaxies as the origin of environmental effects
• A Stellar Mass Threshold for Quenching of Field Galaxies
• EMERGE - An empirical model for the formation of galaxies since $z\sim 10$
• A Public Ks-selected Catalog in the COSMOS/UltraVISTA Field: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts and Stellar Population Parameters
• Evolution of galaxy stellar masses and star formation rates in the EAGLE simulations
• What do we learn from IRAC observations of galaxies at 2 < z < 3.5?
• The Gemini Cluster Astrophysics Spectroscopic Survey (GCLASS): The Role of Environment and Self-Regulation in Galaxy Evolution at z ~ 1
• The PRIsm MUlti-Object Survey (PRIMUS) I: Survey Overview and Characteristics
• The accretion of galaxies into groups and clusters
• The environmental history of group and cluster galaxies in a LambdaCDM Universe
• Cosmic Variance in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey
• A Cosmic Variance Cookbook
• The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: The Relationship Between Galaxy Properties and Environment at z ~ 1
• An Older, More Quiescent Universe from Panchromatic SED Fitting of the 3D-HST Survey
• Discovery of a galaxy cluster with a violently starbursting core at z=2.506
• The Hydrangea simulations: galaxy formation in and around massive clusters
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). Full spectroscopic data and auxiliary information release (PDR-2)
• MOSFIRE Spectroscopy of Quiescent Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 2.5. II - Star Formation Histories and Galaxy Quenching
• Galaxy Assembly Bias: A Significant Source of Systematic Error in the Galaxy-Halo Relationship
• Tracking the impact of environment on the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function up to z~1 in the 10k zCOSMOS sample
• An extreme proto-cluster of luminous dusty starbursts in the early Universe
• Effects of Local Environment and Stellar Mass on Galaxy Quenching out to z~3
• Evidence for Significant Growth in the Stellar Mass of Brightest Cluster Galaxies over the Past 10 Billion Years
• On the evolution and environmental dependence of the star formation rate versus stellar mass relation since z~2
• Observational constraints on the merger history of galaxies since $z\approx 6$: Probabilistic galaxy pair counts in the CANDELS fields
• The PRIsm MUlti-object Survey (PRIMUS). II. Data Reduction and Redshift Fitting
• Both starvation and outflows drive galaxy quenching
• The dependence of star formation activity on environment and stellar mass at z~1 from the HiZELS H-alpha survey
• The Spitzer Extragalactic Representative Volume Survey (SERVS): survey definition and goals
• A massive, distant proto-cluster at z=2.47 caught in a phase of rapid formation?
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of Two Massive Red-Sequence-Selected Galaxy Clusters at z ~ 1.2 in the SpARCS-North Cluster Survey
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Massive Red-Sequence-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.34 in the SpARCS-South Cluster Survey
• Effect of local environment and stellar mass on galaxy quenching and morphology at $0.5<z<2.0$
• Comparing the relation between star formation and galaxy mass in different environments
• A fundamental problem in our understanding of low mass galaxy evolution
• The UV galaxy luminosity function at z=3-5 from the CFHT Legacy Survey Deep fields
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly: Deconstructing Bimodality - I. Red ones and blue ones
• The Star Formation Epoch of the Most Massive Early-Type Galaxies
• Taking Care of Business in a Flash: Constraining the Timescale for Low-Mass Satellite Quenching with ELVIS
• Downsizing by Shutdown in Red Galaxies
• The density field of the 10k zCOSMOS galaxies
• Galaxy stellar mass functions of different morphological types in clusters, and their evolution between z=0.8 and z=0
• Rapid Environmental Quenching of Satellite Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Group
• Evidence for a change in the dominant satellite galaxy quenching mechanism at z=1
• Discovery and Cosmological Implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the Most Massive Known Cluster at z > 1
• Formation epochs, star formation histories and sizes of massive early-type galaxies in cluster and field environments at z=1.2: insights from the rest-frame UV
• The environmental dependence of the stellar mass function at z~1: Comparing cluster and field between the GCLASS and UltraVISTA surveys
• The Multiwavelength Survey by Yale-Chile (MUSYC): Deep Near-Infrared Imaging and the Selection of Distant Galaxies
• Stellar Locus Regression: Accurate Color Calibration, and the Real-time Determination of Galaxy Cluster Photometric Redshifts
• SPT-CL J0546-5345: A Massive z > 1 Galaxy Cluster Selected Via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect with the South Pole Telescope
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Dynamical Masses and Scaling Relations for a Sample of Massive Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Selected Galaxy Clusters
• The fundamental plane of EDisCS galaxies - The effect of size evolution
• On Detecting Halo Assembly Bias with Galaxy Populations
• Cosmic Web of Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: Public Catalog and Different Quenching for Centrals and Satellites
• Galaxy environment in the 3D-HST fields. Witnessing the onset of satellite quenching at z ~ 1-2
• Overconsumption, outflows and the quenching of satellite galaxies
• zCOSMOS 20k: Satellite galaxies are the main drivers of environmental effects in the galaxy population at least to z~0.7
• The UVJ Selection of Quiescent and Star Forming Galaxies: Separating Early and Late-Type Galaxies and Isolating Edge-on Spirals
• A Medium-Resolution Near-Infrared Spectral Library of Late Type Stars: I
• The Environmental Dependence of the Infrared Luminosity and Stellar Mass Functions
• Stellar mass function of cluster galaxies at z $\sim$ 1.5: evidence for reduced quenching efficiency at high redshift
• Galaxy Assembly Bias on the Red Sequence
• The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). Environmental effects shaping the galaxy stellar mass function
• The Observations of Redshift Evolution in Large Scale Environments (ORELSE) Survey : I. The Survey Design and First Results on Cl 0023+0423 at z = 0.84 and RX J1821.6+6827 at z = 0.82
• Slow quenching of star formation in OMEGAWINGS clusters: galaxies in transition in the local universe
• Evidence for strong evolution in galaxy environmental quenching efficiency between z = 1.6 and z = 0.9
• Weighing the Giants II: Improved Calibration of Photometry from Stellar Colors and Accurate Photometric Redshifts
• CLASH-VLT: Environment-driven evolution of galaxies in the z=0.209 cluster Abell 209
• Beyond UVJ: More Efficient Selection of Quiescent Galaxies With UV / Mid-IR Fluxes
• GMASS Ultradeep Spectroscopy of Galaxies at z~2. III: The emergence of the color bimodality at z~2
• The Effects of Environment on the Evolution of the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of Three Red-Sequence Selected Galaxy Clusters at z=0.87, 1.16 and 1.21 from the SpARCS Survey
• The evolution of the quenching of star formation in cluster galaxies since z $\sim$ 1
• The galaxy stellar mass function and its evolution with time show no dependence on global environment
• The star formation history of galaxies: the role of galaxy mass, morphology and environment
• The GOGREEN survey: The environmental dependence of the star-forming galaxy main sequence at $1.0<z<1.5$
• SPT-CL J0205-5829: A z = 1.32 Evolved Massive Galaxy Cluster in the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Survey
• Persistence of the Color-Density Relation and Efficient Environmental Quenching to $z\sim 1.4$
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): growing up in a bad neighbourhood - how do low-mass galaxies become passive?
• CLASH-VLT: The stellar mass function and stellar mass density profile of the z=0.44 cluster of galaxies MACS J1206.2-0847
• Gemini Observations of Galaxies in Rich Early Environments (GOGREEN) I: Survey Description
• Glimpsing the Imprint of Local Environment on the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function
• The stellar mass function of galaxies in Planck-selected clusters at 0.5 < z < 0.7: new constraints on the timescale and location of satellite quenching
• A Tale of Dwarfs and Giants: Using a z=1.62 Cluster to Understand How the Red Sequence Grew Over The Last 9.5 Billion Years
• The effect of environment on star forming galaxies at redshift 1 - First insight from PACS
• Star formation histories of early-type galaxies at z = 1.2 in cluster and field environments
• On the fast quenching of young low-mass galaxies up to z $\sim$ 0.6: new spotlight on the lead role of environment
• The Roles of Mass and Environment in the Quenching of Galaxies. II
• Nature versus nurture: what regulates star formation in satellite galaxies?
• The impact of global environment on galaxy mass functions at low redshift
• Conditional Quenching: A detailed look at the SFR-Density Relation at z ~ 0.9 from ORELSE
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Coma Cluster Progenitor at z ~ 2.2
• The Ages of Passive Galaxies in a z=1.62 Protocluster
• Galaxy Merger Candidates in High-Redshift Cluster Environments
• The Mass Dependance of Satellite Quenching in Milky Way-like Halos
• VIS3COS: I. survey overview and the role of environment and stellar mass on star formation
• SCUBA-2 observations of candidate starbursting protoclusters selected by Planck and Herschel-SPIRE
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): The environmental dependence of the galaxy main sequence
• The Rest-frame $H$-band Luminosity Function of Red Sequence Galaxies in Clusters at $1.0<z<1.3$

Cited by in corpus (64)

• Fast, Slow, Early, Late: Quenching Massive Galaxies at z~0.8
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Protocluster at $z=3.37$ with a High Fraction of Quiescent Galaxies
• Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program: A Mass-Dependent Slope of the Galaxy Size-Mass Relation at $z<1$
• The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey: The reversal of the star-formation rate $-$ density relation at $2<z<5$
• Tracing the Quenching Journey across Cosmic Time
• The GOGREEN survey: Post-infall environmental quenching fails to predict the observed age difference between quiescent field and cluster galaxies at z>1
• The GOGREEN and GCLASS Surveys: First Data Release
• Galaxy Mergers in the Epoch of Reionization I: A JWST Study of Pair Fractions, Merger Rates, and Stellar Mass Accretion Rates at $z=4.5-11.5$
• CLASH-VLT: Abell~S1063. Cluster assembly history and spectroscopic catalogue
• The Morphology-Density relationship in 1<z<2 clusters
• An environmental dependence of the physical and structural properties in the Hydra Cluster galaxies
• A Spitzer survey of Deep Drilling Fields to be targeted by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time
• Cosmic Vine: A z=3.44 large-scale structure hosting massive quiescent galaxies
• The GOGREEN survey: Transition Galaxies and The Evolution of Environmental Quenching
• Satellite quenching was not important for z$\sim$1 clusters: most quenching occurred during infall
• Revealing impacts of stellar mass and environment on galaxy quenching
• The GOGREEN survey: Dependence of galaxy properties on halo mass at z > 1 and implications for environmental quenching
• HST/WFC3 grism observations of $z\sim 1$ clusters: Evidence for rapid outside-in environmental quenching from spatially resolved H$\alpha$ maps
• Implications of the Environments of Radio-detected AGN in a Complex Protostructure at z$\sim$3.3
• The GOGREEN survey: the internal dynamics of clusters of galaxies at redshift 0.9-1.4
• GOGREEN: a critical assessment of environmental trends in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations at z ~ 1
• CLEAR: The Evolution of Spatially Resolved Star Formation in Galaxies between $0.5\lesssim z\lesssim 1.7$ using H$\alpha$ Emission Line Maps
• The miniJPAS survey: The role of group environment in quenching the star formation
• Quantifying the role of ram pressure stripping of galaxies within galaxy groups
• The role of mass and environment in the build up of the quenched galaxy population since cosmic noon
• DETECTIFz galaxy groups in the REFINE survey -- 1. Group detection and quenched fraction evolution at $z<2.5$
• The GOGREEN Survey: Constraining the Satellite Quenching Timescale in Massive Clusters at $\mathbf{z}\gtrsim 1$
• Protocluster detection in simulations of HSC-SSP and the 10-year LSST forecast, using PCcones
• The stellar mass function of quiescent galaxies in 2 < z < 2.5 protoclusters
• The H$\alpha$ star formation main sequence in cluster and field galaxies at $z\sim 1.6$
• When the Well Runs Dry: Modeling Environmental Quenching of High-mass Satellites in Massive Clusters at \boldmath$z\gtrsim 1$
• The stellar mass function and evolution of the density profile of galaxy clusters from the Hydrangea simulations at $0<z<1.5$
• Multiwavelength view of SPT-CL J2106-5844. The radio galaxies and the thermal and relativistic plasmas in a massive galaxy cluster merger at z~1.13
• JWST's first glimpse of a z > 2 forming cluster reveals a top-heavy stellar mass function
• Detection of anisotropic satellite quenching in galaxy clusters up to $z\sim 1$
• Discovering Large-Scale Structure at $2<z<5$ in the C3VO Survey
• A systematic search for galaxy protocluster cores at the transition epoch of their star formation activity
• The CluMPR Galaxy Cluster-Finding Algorithm and DESI Legacy Survey Galaxy Cluster Catalogue
• Ram pressure stripping in clusters: Gravity can bind the ISM but not the CGM
• An environment-dependent halo mass function as a driver for the early quenching of $z\ge 1.5$ cluster galaxies
• A new analytic ram pressure profile for satellite galaxies
• Galaxy populations in the most distant SPT-SZ clusters -- II. Galaxy structural properties in massive clusters at 1.4<z<1.7
• Can a conditioning on stellar mass explain the mutual information between morphology and environment?
• Constraining quenching timescales in galaxy clusters by forward-modelling stellar ages and quiescent fractions in projected phase space
• Cosmic evolution of the incidence of Active Galactic Nuclei in massive clusters: Simulations versus observations
• Environmental Effects on AGN activity via Extinction-free Mid-Infrared Census
• VST-GAME: Galaxy Assembly as a function of Mass and Environment with VST. Photometric assessment and density field of MACSJ0416
• CALSAGOS: Clustering ALgorithmS Applied to Galaxies in Overdense Systems
• Connecting the growth of galaxies to the large-scale environment in a massive node of the Cosmic Web at z~3
• Galaxy populations of ProtoClusters in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• Cluster candidates with massive quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• Star formation concentration as a tracer of environmental quenching in action: a study of the Eagle and C-Eagle simulations
• The S-PLUS Fornax Project (S+FP): Mapping H$\alpha$+[NII] emission in 77 Fornax galaxy members reaching $\sim$4 Rvir
• Insights into environmental quenching at $z\sim 1$: an enhancement of faint, low-mass passive galaxies in clusters
• Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): First Data Release Covering The D10 (COSMOS) Region
• The environment of QSO triplets at 1 $\lesssim$ z $\lesssim$ 1.5
• The HST-Hyperion Survey: Companion Fraction and Overdensity in a z ~ 2.5 Proto-supercluster
• Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): The evolution of the passive-density and morphology-density relations between $z=0.25$ and $z=1$
• The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey XI: Stellar Mass Fractions and Luminosity Functions of MaDCoWS Clusters at $z\sim 1$
• Virgo Filaments VI: H$\alpha$ clumps in the filaments around the Virgo galaxy cluster
• The cosmic environment overtakes the local density in shaping galaxy star formation
• Spider-Webb: enhanced star formation in low-mass galaxies within the Spiderweb protocluster revealed by JWST Pa$\beta$ narrow-band imaging
• Euclid: A blue galaxy population and a brightest cluster galaxy in the making in a $z\sim 1.74$ MaDCoWS2 galaxy cluster candidate
• Initial Investigations of the Outskirts of XLSSC 122