Satellite quenching was not important for z$\sim$1 clusters: most quenching occurred during infall

Abstract

We quantify the relative importance of environmental quenching versus pre-processing in $z\sim 1$ clusters by analysing the infalling galaxy population in the outskirts of 15 galaxy clusters at $0.8<z<1.4$ drawn from the GOGREEN and GCLASS surveys. We find significant differences between the infalling galaxies and a control sample; in particular, an excess of massive quiescent galaxies in the infalling region. These massive infalling galaxies likely reside in larger dark matter haloes than similar-mass control galaxies because they have twice as many satellite galaxies. Furthermore, these satellite galaxies are distributed in an NFW profile with a larger scale radius compared to the satellites of the control galaxies. Based on these findings, we conclude that it may not be appropriate to use 'field' galaxies as a substitute for infalling pre-cluster galaxies when calculating the efficiency and mass dependency of environmental quenching in high redshift clusters. By comparing the quiescent fraction of infalling galaxies at $1<R/R_{200}<3$ to the cluster sample ($R/R_{200}<1$) we find that almost all quiescent galaxies with masses $>10^{11}{M}_{\odot }$ were quenched prior to infall, whilst up to half of lower mass galaxies were environmentally quenched after passing the virial radius. This means most of the massive quiescent galaxies in $z\sim 1$ clusters were self-quenched or pre-processed prior to infall.

13 pages, 11 figures, paper accepted for publication by MNRAS

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