Reconciling dwarf galaxies with LCDM cosmology: Simulating a realistic population of satellites around a Milky Way-mass galaxy

Abstract

Low-mass "dwarf" galaxies represent the most significant challenges to the cold dark matter (CDM) model of cosmological structure formation. Because these faint galaxies are (best) observed within the Local Group (LG) of the Milky Way (MW) and Andromeda (M31), understanding their formation in such an environment is critical. We present first results from the Latte Project: the Milky Way on FIRE (Feedback in Realistic Environments). This simulation models the formation of a MW-mass galaxy to z = 0 within LCDM cosmology, including dark matter, gas, and stars at unprecedented resolution: baryon particle mass of 7070 Msun with gas kernel/softening that adapts down to 1 pc (with a median of 25 - 60 pc at z = 0). Latte was simulated using the GIZMO code with a mesh-free method for accurate hydrodynamics and the FIRE-2 model for star formation and explicit feedback within a multi-phase interstellar medium. For the first time, Latte self-consistently resolves the spatial scales corresponding to half-light radii of dwarf galaxies that form around a MW-mass host down to Mstar > 10^5 Msun. Latte's population of dwarf galaxies agrees with the LG across a broad range of properties: (1) distributions of stellar masses and stellar velocity dispersions (dynamical masses), including their joint relation; (2) the mass-metallicity relation; and (3) a diverse range of star-formation histories, including their mass dependence. Thus, Latte produces a realistic population of dwarf galaxies at Mstar > 10^5 Msun that does not suffer from the "missing satellites" or "too big to fail" problems of small-scale structure formation. We conclude that baryonic physics can reconcile observed dwarf galaxies with standard LCDM cosmology.

7 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters. Several updates, including: (1) fixed a bug in halo finder, now identifies 13 satellite galaxies and more subhalos in the baryonic simulation; (2) fixed a minor bug in the feedback coupling and reran the simulation, resulting in a somewhat lower-mass host galaxy; (3) Fig 2 now shows stellar velocity dispersion profiles of satellites

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• HI Properties of Satellite Galaxies around Local Volume Hosts
• Selecting ultra-faint dwarf candidate progenitors in cosmological N-body simulations at high redshifts
• Recent progress in simulating galaxy formation from the largest to the smallest scales
• Shaping the Milky Way: The interplay of mergers and cosmic filaments
• Decaying axinolike dark matter: Discriminative solution to small-scale issues
• Efficient and accurate force replay in cosmological-baryonic simulations
• Disk flaring with TNG50: diversity across Milky Way and M31 analogs
• Constraining the Milky Way's Ultraviolet to Infrared SED with Gaussian Process Regression
• LMC-driven anisotropic boosts in stream--subhalo interactions
• A universal relationship between stellar masses and binding energies of galaxies
• Probing Self-interacting Dark Matter with Disk Galaxies in Cluster Environments
• The interacting double white dwarf population with LISA; stochastic foreground and resolved sources
• Impact of distance determinations on Galactic structure. II. Old tracers
• Great Balls of FIRE III: Modeling Black Hole Mergers from Massive Star Clusters in Simulations of Galaxies
• Spectroscopic confirmation of the dwarf spheroidal galaxy d0944+71 as a member of the M81 group of galaxies
• Non-Parametric Spherical Jeans Mass Estimation with B-splines
• History of the gas fuelling star formation in eagle galaxies
• Observing the stellar halo of Andromeda in cosmological simulations: the Auriga2PAndAS pipeline
• Orbital pericenters and the inferred dark matter halo structure of satellite galaxies
• Harnessing the Population Statistics of Subhalos to Search for Annihilating Dark Matter
• Auriga Streams I: disrupting satellites surrounding Milky Way-mass haloes at multiple resolutions
• Dark matter kinetic decoupling with a light particle
• First results from SMAUG: Insights into star formation conditions from spatially-resolved ISM properties in TNG50
• Sliding into DM: Determining the local dark matter density and speed distribution using only the local circular speed of the Galaxy
• Constraining Mixed Dark Matter models with high redshift Lyman-alpha forest data
• Axisymmetric Schwarzschild models of an isothermal axisymmetric mock dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Ghostly Stellar Haloes and their Relationship to Ultra-faint Dwarfs
• Modified initial power spectrum and too big to fail problem
• Expanding on the Fundamental Metallicity Relation in Dwarf Galaxies with MUSE
• Playing with FIRE: A Galactic Feedback-Halting Experiment Challenges Star Formation Rate Theories
• The abundance of satellite galaxies in the inner region of $\Lambda$CDM Milky Way sized haloes
• High-Resolution Chemical Abundances of the Nyx Stream
• Addressing via N-body simulations the distribution of the satellite tidal debris in the Milky Way environment
• Comparing rotation curve observations to hydrodynamic ΛCDM simulations of galaxies
• Effects of secular growth and mergers on the evolution of metallicity gradients and azimuthal variations in a Milky Way-like galaxy
• Recovering Injected Astrophysics from the LISA Galactic Double White Dwarf Binaries
• The physical origin of positive metallicity radial gradients in high-redshift galaxies: insights from the FIRE-2 cosmological hydrodynamic simulations
• Resolved Stellar Populations as Tracers of Outskirts
• Gusts in the Headwind: Uncertainties in Direct Dark Matter Detection
• Astrometric mass measurement of compact companions in binary systems with Gaia
• HALO7D III: Chemical Abundances of Milky Way Halo Stars from Medium Resolution Spectra
• Large-Scale Structure Topology in Non-Standard Cosmologies: Impact of Dark Sector Physics
• EDEN: Exploring Disks Embedded in N-body simulations of Milky-Way-mass halos from Symphony
• Substructure at High Speed I: Inferring the Escape Velocity in the Presence of Kinematic Substructure
• The oldest stars with low neutron-capture element abundances and origins in ancient dwarf galaxies
• Understanding Dwarf Galaxies in order to Understand Dark Matter
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Trial by FIRE: Probing the dark matter density profile of dwarf galaxies with GraphNPE
• The Smallest Scale of Hierarchy Survey (SSH) III. Dwarf-dwarf satellite merging phenomena in the low-mass regime
• TeV gamma-ray sensitivity to velocity-dependent dark matter models in the Galactic Center
• Dwarf Galaxies as Cosmological Probes
• GalaxyFlow: Upsampling Hydrodynamical Simulations for Realistic Mock Stellar Catalogs
• The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar and APOGEE-2 Data
• Sensitivity Estimation for Dark Matter Subhalos in Synthetic Gaia DR2 using Deep Learning
• Testing the Reliability of Fast Methods for Weak Lensing Simulations: WL-MOKA on PINOCCHIO
• Cosmic reflections I: the structural diversity of simulated and observed low-mass galaxy analogues
• Generating synthetic star catalogs from simulated data for next-gen observatories with py-ananke
• Dark Matter Velocity Distributions for Direct Detection: Astrophysical Uncertainties are Smaller Than They Appear
• A Simulation Based Inference Approach to the Dynamics of the MW-LMC System -- Validation
• The Hierarchical Structure of Galactic Haloes: Classification and characterisation with Halo-OPTICS
• Estimating the dark matter velocity anisotropy to the cluster edge
• From order to chaos: the blurred out metallicity gradient of the Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage progenitor
• Globular clusters vs dark matter haloes in strong lensing observations
• AuriDESI: Mock Catalogues for the DESI Milky Way Survey
• A Rich Satellite Population of the NGC 4437 Group and Implications of a Magnitude Gap for Galaxy Group Assembly History
• Cosmological Zoom-In Simulations of Milky Way Host Mass Dark Matter Halos with a Blue-Tilted Primordial Power Spectrum
• Dark Matter Annihilation Feedback in Cosmological Simulations II: The Influence on Gas and Halo Structure
• Orbital phase-driven biases in Galactic mass constraints from stellar streams
• The Effects of $\Lambda$CDM Dark Matter Substructure on the Orbital Evolution of Star Clusters
• Weighing the Darkness II: Astrometric Measurement of Partial Orbits with Gaia
• Fingerprint matching of beyond-WIMP dark matter: neural network approach
• Improving Performance of Zoom-In Cosmological Simulations using Initial Conditions with Customized Grids
• Warm dark matter model with a few keV mass is bad for the too-big-to-fail problem
• Cosmological Signatures of Dark Sector Physics: The Evolution of Haloes and Spin Alignment
• Can radial motions in the stellar halo constrain the rate of change of mass in the Galaxy?
• Exploring the evolution of a dwarf spheroidal galaxy with SPH simulations: I. Stellar feedback
• A graph model for the clustering of dark matter halos
• Auriga Streams II: orbital properties of tidally disrupting satellites of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Born to be Starless: Revisiting the Missing Satellite Problem
• The imprint of bursty star formation on alpha-element abundance patterns in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Testing extensions to LCDM on small scales with forthcoming cosmic shear surveys
• The Formation of M101-alike Galaxies in the Cold Dark Matter Model
• Dissecting stellar populations with manifold learning I. Validation of the method on a synthetic Milky Way-like galaxy
• The AIDA-TNG project: dark matter profiles and concentrations in alternative dark matter models
• Linearity: galaxy formation encounters an unanticipated empirical relation
• MOND-like behavior in the Dirac-Milne universe -- Flat rotation curves and mass/velocity relations in galaxies and clusters
• Constraining cosmic ray transport models using circumgalactic medium properties and observables
• New families in our Solar neighborhood: applying Gaussian Mixture models for objective classification of structures in the Milky Way and in simulations
• Quenching of satellite galaxies of Milky Way analogues: reconciling theory and observations
• A hierarchical clustering method for quantifying satellite abundance
• Gravitational wave energy spectral density properties from BPASS Galactic binary population in the Milky Way galaxy
• The multi-component fitting to the star formation histories in the TNG simulation
• Rise of the forsaken relics: connecting present-day stellar streams and phase-mixed galaxies to the Epoch of Reionization
• Two-phase formation of galaxies: the coevolution between galaxies and dark matter halos
• Dark matter haloes in the multicomponent model. III. From dwarfs to galaxy clusters
• Cross Section Calculations in Theories of Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• The PARADIGM project II: The lifetimes and quenching of satellites in Milky Way-mass haloes
• Merging massive black holes: the right place and the right time
• Merging Galaxy Clusters and the Search for New Physics of Dark Matter: A Review
• Analysis of shape and angular orientation parameters of velocity-dependent dark matter annihilation signals in Galactic Centers for FIRE simulations
• Ergodicity of FIRE: star formation variations within and between simulated galaxies
• No Stream Left Unscathed: The imprint of a host galaxy
• Metallicity Structure in Galactic Longitude-Velocity Diagrams of the Milky Way Disk and FIRE-2 Simulations
• Understanding the Galaxy
• ALMA Measurement of 10 kpc-scale Lensing Power Spectra towards the Lensed Quasar MG J0414+0534
• CASCO: Cosmological and AStrophysical parameters from Cosmological simulations and Observations IV. Testing warm dark matter cosmologies with galaxy scaling relations: A joint simulation-observation study using DREAMS simulations
• Validating the CROCODILE model within the AGORA galaxy simulation framework
• CROCODILE-DWARF: Assembly and Kinematics of Field Dwarf Galaxies with GADGET4-OSAKA
• Extending the SAGA Survey (xSAGA) I: Satellite Radial Profiles as a Function of Host Galaxy Properties
• Hierarchical Inducing Point Gaussian Process for Inter-domain Observations
• How to Build an Empirical Speed Distribution for Dark Matter in the Solar Neighborhood
• Towards a theory of dissipative Dark Matter I: the Born limit
• Broken Expectations: The Effects of Modelling Assumptions on the Inferred Dark Matter Distribution in the Milky Way's Satellites
• The Exploration of Local VolumE Satellites (ELVES) Survey: A Nearly Volume-Limited Sample of Nearby Dwarf Satellite Systems
• 3D elemental abundances of stars at formation across the histories of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations