Phat ELVIS: The inevitable effect of the Milky Way's disk on its dark matter subhaloes

Abstract

We introduce an extension of the ELVIS project to account for the effects of the Milky Way galaxy on its subhalo population. Our simulation suite, Phat ELVIS, consists of twelve high-resolution cosmological dark matter-only (DMO) zoom simulations of Milky Way-size $\Lambda$CDM~ haloes ($M_{\mathrm{v}}=0.7-2\times 10^{12}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$) along with twelve re-runs with embedded galaxy potentials grown to match the observed Milky Way disk and bulge today. The central galaxy potential destroys subhalos on orbits with small pericenters in every halo, regardless of the ratio of galaxy mass to halo mass. This has several important implications. 1) Most of the $\mathtt{Disk}$ runs have no subhaloes larger than $V_{\max }=4.5$ km s${}^{-1}$ within $20$ kpc and a significant lack of substructure going back $\sim 8$ Gyr, suggesting that local stream-heating signals from dark substructure will be rare. 2) The pericenter distributions of Milky Way satellites derived from $Gaia$ data are remarkably similar to the pericenter distributions of subhaloes in the $\mathtt{Disk}$ runs, while the DMO runs drastically over-predict galaxies with pericenters smaller than 20 kpc. 3) The enhanced destruction produces a tension opposite to that of the classic `missing satellites' problem: in order to account for ultra-faint galaxies known within $30$ kpc of the Galaxy, we must populate haloes with $V_{\mathrm{peak}}\simeq 7$ km s${}^{-1}$ ($M\simeq 3\times 10^7{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ at infall), well below the atomic cooling limit of $V_{\mathrm{peak}}\simeq 16$ km s${}^{-1}$ ($M\simeq 5\times 10^8{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ at infall). 4) If such tiny haloes do host ultra-faint dwarfs, this implies the existence of $\sim 1000$ satellite galaxies within 300 kpc of the Milky Way.

arXiv comment16 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables. Halo catalogs are available at http://localgroup.ps.uci.edu/phat-elvis/

References in corpus (73)

• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
• A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
• The Astropy Project: Building an inclusive, open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package
• The cosmological simulation code GADGET-2
• Dark Matter Substructure in Galactic Halos
• Where are the missing galactic satellites?
• Statistical Properties of X-ray Clusters: Analytic and Numerical Comparisons
• The Average Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Dark Matter Halos from z=0-8
• The Aquarius Project: the subhalos of galactic halos
• The Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic and Integrated Properties
• Small-Scale Challenges to the $\Lambda$CDM Paradigm
• The Rockstar Phase-Space Temporal Halo Finder and the Velocity Offsets of Cluster Cores
• 3D-HST+CANDELS: The Evolution of the Galaxy Size-Mass Distribution since $z=3$
• GIZMO: A New Class of Accurate, Mesh-Free Hydrodynamic Simulation Methods
• Halo Formation in Warm Dark Matter Models
• The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way
• Tracing Galaxy Formation with Stellar Halos I: Methods
• Reionization and the abundance of galactic satellites
• Multi-scale initial conditions for cosmological simulations
• Mayavi: a package for 3D visualization of scientific data
• Gaia Data Release 2: Kinematics of globular clusters and dwarf galaxies around the Milky Way
• Reconciling dwarf galaxies with LCDM cosmology: Simulating a realistic population of satellites around a Milky Way-mass galaxy
• Gravitationally Consistent Halo Catalogs and Merger Trees for Precision Cosmology
• Galactic stellar haloes in the CDM model
• Massloss of galaxies due to a UV-background
• Hydrodynamic Simulations of Galaxy Formation. II. Photoionization and the Formation of Low Mass Galaxies
• Can Photoionization Squelching Resolve the Sub-structure Crisis?
• Halo Substructure And The Power Spectrum
• Constraining the Milky Way potential with a 6-D phase-space map of the GD-1 stellar stream
• Hundreds of Milky Way Satellites? Luminosity Bias in the Satellite Luminosity Function
• Quantifying the heart of darkness with GHALO - a multi-billion particle simulation of our galactic halo
• Not so lumpy after all: modeling the depletion of dark matter subhalos by Milky Way-like galaxies
• ELVIS: Exploring the Local Volume in Simulations
• Why Baryons Matter: The Kinematics of Dwarf Spheroidal Satellites
• Disruption of Dark Matter Substructure: Fact or Fiction?
• Dark Matter Substructure in Numerical Simulations: A Tale of Discreteness Noise, Runaway Instabilities, and Artificial Disruption
• Gaia DR2 Proper Motions of Dwarf Galaxies within 420 kpc: Orbits, Milky Way Mass, Tidal Influences, Planar Alignments, and Group Infall
• FIRE in the Field: Simulating the Threshold of Galaxy Formation
• The dearth of halo dwarf galaxies: is there power on short scales?
• There is No Missing Satellites Problem
• Substructure depletion in the Milky Way halo by the disk
• How Lumpy is the Milky Way's Dark Matter Halo?
• Cosmic Dawn (CoDa): the First Radiation-Hydrodynamics Simulation of Reionization and Galaxy Formation in the Local Universe
• Bent by baryons: the low mass galaxy-halo relation
• The Invisibles: A Detection Algorithm to Trace the Faintest Milky Way Satellites
• The upper bound on the lowest mass halo
• The abundance of (not just) dark matter haloes
• Gaia Proper Motions and Orbits of the Ultra-Faint Milky Way Satellites
• How to Zoom: Bias, Contamination, and Lagrange Volumes in Multimass Cosmological Simulations
• The COpernicus COmplexio: Statistical Properties of Warm Dark Matter Haloes
• Taking Care of Business in a Flash: Constraining the Timescale for Low-Mass Satellite Quenching with ELVIS
• Baryonic impact on the dark matter distribution in Milky Way-size galaxies and their satellites
• Linear perturbation theory for tidal streams and the small-scale CDM power spectrum
• Rapid Environmental Quenching of Satellite Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Group
• Infall Times for Milky Way Satellites From Their Present-Day Kinematics
• The Caterpillar Project: A Large Suite of Milky Way Sized Halos
• The surprising inefficiency of dwarf satellite quenching
• The Dependence of Subhalo Abundance on Halo Concentration
• The impact of baryonic physics on the subhalo mass function and implications for gravitational lensing
• Too Many, Too Few, or Just Right? The Predicted Number and Distribution of Milky Way Dwarf Galaxies
• The Pal 5 Star Stream Gaps
• Proper motions of Milky Way Ultra-Faint satellites with $Gaia$ DR2 $\times$ DES DR1
• Exploring Dark Matter with Milky Way substructure
• Modelling the Tucana III stream - a close passage with the LMC
• The Suppression of Star Formation on the Smallest Scales: What Role Does Environment Play?
• Resonant Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter in the Local and High-z Universe
• Properties of Resonantly Produced Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter Subhalos
• The inferred evolution of the cold gas properties of CANDELS galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3.0
• The velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way satellite system
• Simulating tidal streams in a high resolution dark matter halo
• Through a Smoother Lens: An expected absence of LCDM substructure detections from hydrodynamic and dark matter only simulations

Cited by in corpus (97)

• Milky Way Satellite Census. II. Galaxy--Halo Connection Constraints Including the Impact of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Milky Way Satellite Census. I. The Observational Selection Function for Milky Way Satellites in DES Y3 and Pan-STARRS DR1
• Star formation histories of dwarf galaxies in the FIRE simulations: dependence on mass and Local Group environment
• A profile in FIRE: resolving the radial distributions of satellite galaxies in the Local Group with simulations
• Accelerated core collapse in tidally stripped self-interacting dark matter halos
• Dark Matter Constraints from a Unified Analysis of Strong Gravitational Lenses and Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
• Determining the full satellite population of a Milky Way-mass halo in a highly resolved cosmological hydrodynamic simulation
• Planes of satellites around Milky Way/M31-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations and comparisons with the Local Group
• Diversity in density profiles of self-interacting dark matter satellite halos
• The abundance of satellites around Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies with the TNG50 simulation: a matter of diversity
• Core-collapse, evaporation and tidal effects: the life story of a self-interacting dark matter subhalo
• The Milky Way's Halo and Subhalos in Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• Halo Substructure Boosts to the Signatures of Dark Matter Annihilation
• The Suppression of Star Formation on the Smallest Scales: What Role Does Environment Play?
• The mass of our Galaxy from satellite proper motions in the Gaia era
• Constraining the Milky Way Mass Profile with Phase-Space Distribution of Satellite Galaxies
• Luminosity Functions and Host-to-Host Scatter of Dwarf Satellite Systems in the Local Volume
• Strong Dark Matter Self-interactions Diversify Halo Populations within and surrounding the Milky Way
• Symphony: Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation Suites over Four Decades of Host Halo Mass
• How low does it go? Too few Galactic satellites with standard reionization quenching
• Dark and luminous satellites of LMC-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations
• Radial Distributions of Dwarf Satellite Systems in the Local Volume
• Motivations for a Large Self-Interacting Dark Matter Cross Section from Milky Way Satellites
• TangoSIDM: Tantalizing models of Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• The Density Structure of Simulated Stellar Streams
• The velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way satellite system
• The infall of dwarf satellite galaxies are influenced by their host's massive accretions
• The Detailed Science Case for the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer, 2019 edition
• The Effects of Dark Matter and Baryonic Physics on the Milky Way Subhalo Population in the Presence of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Forecasts for Galaxy Formation and Dark Matter Constraints from Dwarf Galaxy Surveys
• Tidal Stripping in the Adiabatic Limit
• Characterizing the Infall Times and Quenching Timescales of Milky Way Satellites with $Gaia$ Proper Motions
• Tidal evolution of dark matter annihilation rates in subhalos
• And In The Darkness Unbind Them: High-Resolution Simulations of Dark Matter Subhalo Disruption in a Milky Way-like Tidal Field
• Amplified J-factors in the Galactic Center for velocity-dependent darkmatter annihilation in FIRE simulations
• On the Co-Orbitation of Satellite Galaxies Along the Great Plane of Andromeda: NGC 147, NGC 185, and Expectations from Cosmological Simulations
• Towards constraining warm dark matter with stellar streams through neural simulation-based inference
• SatGen -- II. Assessing the impact of a disc potential on subhalo populations
• Long-term orbital evolution of Galactic satellites and the effects on their star formation histories
• Orbital dynamics and histories of satellite galaxies around Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations
• Prompt cusps and the dark matter annihilation signal
• The lensing properties of subhaloes in massive elliptical galaxies in sterile neutrino cosmologies
• Cataloging Accreted Stars within Gaia DR2 using Deep Learning
• Milky Way-est: Cosmological Zoom-in Simulations with Large Magellanic Cloud and Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus Analogs
• Satellite mass functions and the faint end of the galaxy mass-halo mass relation in LCDM
• The PAndAS View of the Andromeda Satellite System. IV Global properties
• Constraining Self-Interacting Dark Matter with Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies and High-resolution Cosmological $N$-body Simulations
• The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. V: Satellite Galaxy Populations In A Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation of A Milky Way-mass Halo
• On the Effect of the Large Magellanic Cloud on the Orbital Poles of Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
• The dark side of FIRE: predicting the population of dark matter subhaloes around Milky Way-mass galaxies
• The SAGA Survey. V. Modeling Satellite Systems around Milky Way-mass Galaxies with Updated UniverseMachine
• Sizing from the Smallest Scales: The Mass of the Milky Way
• Out of sight, out of mind? The impact of correlated clustering in substructure lensing
• Spatial and orbital planes of the Milky Way satellites: unusual but consistent with $\Lambda$CDM
• Shedding light on low-mass subhalo survival and annihilation luminosity with numerical simulations
• COZMIC. I. Cosmological Zoom-in Simulations with Initial Conditions Beyond Cold Dark Matter
• Micro galaxies in LCDM
• Sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array to dark subhalos
• The effect of stellar encounters on the dark matter annihilation signal from prompt cusps
• Impact of substructure on local dark matter searches
• Gamma-ray sensitivity to dark matter subhalo modelling at high latitudes
• Local Group Analogs in $\Lambda$CDM cosmological simulations
• Predictions for the FAST telescope's CRAFTS Extra-Galactic HI Survey
• Boosting small-scale structure via primordial black holes and implications for sub-GeV dark matter annihilation
• Accurate mass estimates from the proper motions of dispersion-supported galaxies
• New dwarf galaxy candidates in the sphere of influence of the Local Volume spiral galaxy NGC2683
• New dwarf galaxy candidates in the sphere of influence of the Sombrero galaxy
• Limits on dark matter annihilation in prompt cusps from the isotropic gamma-ray background
• Orbital pericenters and the inferred dark matter halo structure of satellite galaxies
• Modelling the Effects of Dark Matter Substructure on Globular Cluster Evolution with the Tidal Approximation
• Auriga Streams I: disrupting satellites surrounding Milky Way-mass haloes at multiple resolutions
• Harnessing the Population Statistics of Subhalos to Search for Annihilating Dark Matter
• Velocity-dependent annihilation radiation from dark matter subhalos in cosmological simulations
• Constraints to dark matter annihilation from high-latitude HAWC unidentified sources
• Determining Satellite Infall Times Using Machine Learning
• Connecting direct and indirect detection with a dark spike in the cosmic-ray electron spectrum
• Bursting and quenching in satellite galaxies
• Where Did the Outskirts Go? Outer Stellar Haloes as a Sensitive Probe of Supernova Feedback
• EDEN: Exploring Disks Embedded in N-body simulations of Milky-Way-mass halos from Symphony
• Boosting the 21 cm forest signals by the clumpy substructures
• The Effects of $\Lambda$CDM Dark Matter Substructure on the Orbital Evolution of Star Clusters
• The viability of low-mass subhaloes as targets for gamma-ray dark matter searches
• Statistics for dark matter subhalo searches in gamma rays from a kinematically constrained population model: Fermi-LAT-like telescopes
• Reconciling the magnetic field in central disc galaxies with the dynamical mass using the cosmological simulations
• Astrophysical Tests of Dark Matter with Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer
• Auriga Streams II: orbital properties of tidally disrupting satellites of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• New insights on low-mass dark matter subhalo tidal tracks via numerical simulations
• Impact of baryons on the population of Galactic subhalos and implications for dark matter searches
• The PARADIGM project II: The lifetimes and quenching of satellites in Milky Way-mass haloes
• Testing a proposed "planarity" tool for studying satellite systems: On the alleged consistency of Milky Way satellite galaxy planes with $\Lambda$CDM
• Forward-modelling the Luminosity, Distance, and Size distributions of the Milky Way Satellites
• Milky Way Satellite Census. IV. Constraints on Decaying Dark Matter from Observations of Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
• Tidal disruption of solitons in self-interacting ultralight axion dark matter
• Extending the SAGA Survey (xSAGA) I: Satellite Radial Profiles as a Function of Host Galaxy Properties
• Exploring the effect of baryons on the radial distribution of satellite galaxies with GAMA and IllustrisTNG
• walter: A Tool for Predicting Resolved Stellar Population Observations with Applications to the Roman Space Telescope
• Overview of the ESCAPE Dark Matter Test Science Project for Astronomers