The Atlas3D Project - XXX. Star formation histories and stellar population scaling relations of early-type galaxies

Abstract

We present the stellar population content of early-type galaxies from the Atlas3D survey. Using spectra integrated within apertures covering up to one effective radius, we apply two methods: one based on measuring line-strength indices and applying single stellar population (SSP) models to derive SSP-equivalent values of stellar age, metallicity, and alpha enhancement; and one based on spectral fitting to derive non-parametric star-formation histories, mass-weighted average values of age, metallicity, and half-mass formation timescales. Using homogeneously derived effective radii and dynamically-determined galaxy masses, we present the distribution of stellar population parameters on the Mass Plane (M_JAM, Sigma_e, R_maj), showing that at fixed mass, compact early-type galaxies are on average older, more metal-rich, and more alpha-enhanced than their larger counterparts. From non-parametric star-formation histories, we find that the duration of star formation is systematically more extended in lower mass objects. Assuming that our sample represents most of the stellar content of today's local Universe, approximately 50% of all stars formed within the first 2 Gyr following the big bang. Most of these stars reside today in the most massive galaxies (>10^10.5 M_sun), which themselves formed 90% of their stars by z~2. The lower-mass objects, in contrast, have formed barely half their stars in this time interval. Stellar population properties are independent of environment over two orders of magnitude in local density, varying only with galaxy mass. In the highest-density regions of our volume (dominated by the Virgo cluster), galaxies are older, alpha-enhanced and have shorter star-formation histories with respect to lower density regions.

arXiv comment33 pages, 18 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Full length tables available at http://www.purl.org/atlas3d

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• Recovering age-metallicity distributions from integrated spectra: validation with MUSE data of a nearby nuclear star cluster
• A Precise Benchmark for Cluster Scaling Relations: Fundamental Plane, Mass Plane and IMF in the Coma Cluster from Dynamical Models
• A Gemini/GMOS study of the bright elliptical galaxy NGC 3613 and its globular cluster system
• Further constraints on variations in the IMF from LMXB populations
• The Evolution of NGC 7465 as Revealed by its Molecular Gas Properties
• On the assembly history of massive galaxies. A pilot project with VEGAS deep imaging and M3G integral field spectroscopy
• Stellar Population and Elemental Abundance Gradients of Early-type Galaxies
• The fate of the interstellar medium in early-type galaxies. III. The mechanism of ISM removal and quenching of star formation
• The evolution of radial gradients of MaNGA quiescent elliptical galaxies: inside-out quenching or outer mass growth?
• Identifying the progenitors of present-day early-type galaxies in observational surveys: correcting `progenitor bias' using the Horizon-AGN simulation
• HST F160W Imaging of Very Massive Galaxies at $1.5<z<3.0$: Diversity of Structures and the Effect of Close Pairs on Number Density Estimates
• Stellar Populations of Shell Galaxies
• Red galaxies with pseudo-bulges in the SDSS: closer to disk galaxies or to classical bulges?
• Variation of the low-mass end of the stellar initial mass function with redshift and metallicity
• A new perspective on the stellar Mass-Metallicity Relation of quiescent galaxies from the LEGA-C survey
• Spatially-resolved stellar populations and kinematics with KCWI: probing the assembly history of the massive early-type galaxy NGC 1407
• The APOGEE Library of Infrared SSP Templates (A-LIST): High-Resolution Simple Stellar Population Spectral Models in the H-Band
• First confirmed ultra-compact dwarf galaxy in the NGC 5044 group
• The Puzzling Origin of Massive Compact Galaxies in MaNGA
• Revealing the formation mechanism of the shell galaxy NGC474 with MUSE
• The quenched mass portion of star-forming galaxies and the origin of the star formation sequence slope
• The Discovery of a Hidden Broad Line AGN in a Bulgeless Galaxy: Keck NIR Spectroscopic Observations of SDSS J085153.64+392611.76
• Optical emission lines in the most massive galaxies: morphology, kinematics and ionisation properties
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The [$\alpha$/Fe] of Early-Type Galaxies
• The VIRUS-P Exploration of Nearby Galaxies (VENGA): The stellar populations and assembly of NGC 2903's bulge, bar, and outer disc
• On the Precision of Full-spectrum Fitting of Simple Stellar Populations. I. Well-sampled Populations
• The Fundamental Plane of cluster spheroidal galaxies at z$\sim 1.3$. Evidence for mass-dependent evolution
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. XII. Diffuse Star Clusters in Early-type Galaxies
• The Influence of Environment on the Chemical Evolution in Low-mass Galaxies
• Unravelling the Origin of the Counter-Rotating Core in IC 1459 with KMOS and MUSE
• The dark side of galaxy stellar populations II: The dependence of star formation histories on halo mass and on the scatter of the main sequence
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Using concentrated star-formation and stellar population ages to understand environmental quenching
• Stellar population synthesis models with a physically varying IMF
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar population correlates with stellar root-mean-square velocity $V_{\mathrm{rms}}$ gradients or total-density-profile slopes at fixed effective velocity dispersion ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{e}}$
• Cold gas and dust: Hunting spiral-like structures in early-type galaxies
• Chromodynamical Analysis of Lenticular Galaxies using Globular Clusters and Planetary Nebulae
• Made-to-measure galaxy modelling utilising absorption line strength data
• Isophote Shapes of Early-Type Galaxies in Massive Clusters at $z\sim 1$ and 0
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The effect of stellar mass and halo mass on the assembly histories of satellite galaxies
• Probing galaxy evolution from $z=0$ to $z\simeq 10$ through galaxy scaling relations in three L-Galaxies flavours
• Recovery of the low- and high-mass end slopes of the IMF in massive early-type galaxies using detailed elemental abundances
• Field/Isolated lenticular galaxies with high $S_N$ values: the case of NGC 4546 and its globular cluster system
• Stellar population analysis of MaNGA early-type galaxies: IMF dependence and systematic effects
• Early-Type Galaxies: Elliptical and S0 Galaxies, or Fast and Slow Rotators
• NGC 474 as viewed with KCWI: diagnosing a shell galaxy
• Stellar populations of galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey up to $z\sim 1$. II. Stellar content of quiescent galaxies within the dust-corrected stellar mass$-$colour and the $UVJ$ colour$-$colour diagrams
• MOSEL and IllustrisTNG: Massive Extended Galaxies at z=2 Quench Later Than Normal-size Galaxies
• Gas inflows in the polar ring of NGC 4111: the birth of an AGN
• The Gemini/HST Galaxy Cluster Project: Stellar Populations in the Low Redshift Reference Cluster Galaxies
• Sunscreen: Photometric Signatures of Galaxies Partially Cloaked in Dyson Spheres
• Black hole feedback and the evolution of massive early-type galaxies
• The Fornax3D project: Intrinsic Correlations between Orbital Properties and the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). XII. Spatially Resolved Galaxy Star Formation Histories and True Evolutionary Paths at z > 1
• When relics were made: vigorous stellar rotation and low dark matter content in the massive ultra-compact galaxy GS-9209 at z=4.66
• The Initial Mass Function and Other Stellar Properties Across the Core of the Hydra I Cluster
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XXXIII. Stellar Population Gradients in the Virgo Cluster Core Globular Cluster System
• BUDDI-MaNGA I: A statistical sample of cleanly decomposed bulge and disc spectra
• Compact elliptical galaxies hosting active galactic nuclei in isolated environment
• The formation of compact massive relic galaxies in MOND
• Stellar nuclei and inner polar disks in lenticular galaxies
• The growth of disks and bulges during hierarchical galaxy formation. II: metallicity, stellar populations and dynamical evolution
• Stellar populations of galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey up to $z\sim 1$. III. The stellar content of the quiescent galaxy population during the last $8$ Gyr
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Trends in [α/Fe] as a Function of Morphology and Environment
• The Physical Characteristics of Interstellar Medium in NGC 3665 with Herschel Observations
• [Mg/Fe] and variable initial mass function: Revision of [$\alpha$/Fe] for massive galaxies
• Down but not out: properties of the molecular gas in the stripped Virgo Cluster early-type galaxy NGC4526
• Initial Mass Function Variation in two Elliptical Galaxies using Near-Infrared Tracers
• Age-Divided Mean Stellar Populations from Full Spectrum Fitting as the Simplified Star Formation and Chemical Evolution History of a Galaxy: Methodology and Reliability
• Are early-type galaxies quenched by present-day environment? A study of dwarfs in the Fornax Cluster
• Two Channels of Metal-Rich Compact Stellar System Formation: Starbursts under High Ram Pressure versus Tidal Stripping
• On the variation in stellar $\alpha$-enhancements of star-forming galaxies in the EAGLE simulation
• NGC 7457: Evidence for merger-driven cylindrical rotation in disc galaxies
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in the Vicinity of a Red Nugget Galaxy at $z=1.91$
• The Fornax 3D project: PNe populations and stellar metallicity in edge-on galaxies
• Multiple populations within globular clusters in Early-type galaxies Exploring their effect on stellar initial mass function estimates
• ZF-UDS-7329: A relic galaxy in the early Universe
• The Sami Galaxy Survey: stellar populations of passive spiral galaxies in different environment
• A catalogue of nuclear stellar velocity dispersions of nearby galaxies from H$\alpha$ STIS spectra to constrain supermassive black hole masses
• The Gemini/HST galaxy cluster project: Redshift 0.2-1.0 cluster sample, X-ray data and optical photometry catalog
• Hierarchical Bayesian inference of the Initial Mass Function in Composite Stellar Populations
• The hyperplane of early-type galaxies: using stellar population properties to increase the precision and accuracy of the fundamental plane as a distance indicator
• Active Galactic Nuclei in the Green Valley at z$\sim$0.7
• LeMMINGs. VI. Connecting nuclear activity to bulge properties of active and inactive galaxies: radio scaling relations and galaxy environment
• Spatially Resolved Properties of Galaxies with a Kinematically Distinct Core
• Counting stars from the integrated spectra of galaxies
• PowerBin: Fast Adaptive Data Binning with Centroidal Power Diagrams
• The Gemini/HST Galaxy Cluster Project: Environment Effects on the Stellar Populations in the Lynx Clusters at z=1.27
• Improved SED-Fitting Assumptions Result in Inside-Out Quenching at $z\sim 0.5$ and Quenching at All Radii Simultaneously at $z\sim 1$
• TP-AGB stars and stellar population properties of a post-starburst galaxy at $z\sim 2$ through optical and NIR spectroscopy with JWST
• Star Formation in CALIFA survey perturbed galaxies. II. Star Formation Histories and Oxygen Abundances
• LEGA-C stellar populations scaling relations. I: Chemo-archaeological downsizing trends at z~0.7
• The SLUGGS survey: a new mask design to reconstruct the stellar populations and kinematics of both inner and outer galaxy regions
• The SAMI Survey: Evidence for dynamical coupling of ionised gas and young stellar populations
• The star formation timescale of elliptical galaxies -- Fitting [Mg/Fe] and total metallicity simultaneously
• Connection between dynamically derived IMF normalisation and stellar populations
• The Stellar Chemical Abundances of Simulated Massive Galaxies at $z=2$
• Systematics in ETG Mass Profile Modelling: Strong Lensing & Stellar Dynamics
• The LEGA-C and SAMI Galaxy Surveys: Quiescent Stellar Populations and the Mass-Size Plane across 6 Gyr
• Low-luminosity galaxies in the early universe have observed sizes similar to star cluster complexes
• The LEGA-C galaxy survey: multiple quenching channels for quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 1$
• Star formation quenching precedes morphological transformation in COSMOS-WEB's richest galaxy groups
• LEGA-C stellar populations scaling relations. II: Dissecting mass-complete archaeological trends and their evolution since z~0.7 with LEGA-C and SDSS
• Characterizing CO Emitters in the SSA22-AzTEC26 Field
• Spatially Resolved Kinematics of Post-starburst Galaxies
• A MaNGA about the Legacy I: Connecting the Assembly of Stellar Halo with the Average Star Formation History in Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies
• SPAN: A cross-platform Python GUI software for optical and near-infrared spectral analysis
• The Nuclear Star Cluster of M 74: a fossil record of the very early stages of a star-forming galaxy
• Fornax 3D project: assessing the diversity of IMF and stellar population maps within the Fornax Cluster
• Spatially resolved stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation: Radial variations, gradients and profiles of galaxy stellar populations
• The MOND Depth Index and Dynamical Maturity Clock: Toward a Universal Classification of Galaxies and Star Clusters
• Contrasting evolutionary pathways of fast- and slow-rotating galaxies in the green valley
• Stellar Abundances at the Center of Early Type Galaxies with Fine Structure
• Growth of black holes at the centre of early-type galaxies in MOND
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: How the stellar populations of passive central galaxies depend on stellar and halo mass
• Now you see it, now you don't: Star formation truncation precedes the loss of molecular gas by ~100 Myr in massive post-starburst galaxies at z~0.6
• Downsizing revised: Star formation timescales for elliptical galaxies with an environment-dependent IMF and number of SNIa