Combining Stellar Populations with Orbit-Superposition Dynamical Modelling - the Formation History of the Lenticular Galaxy NGC 3115

Abstract

We present a combination of the Schwarzschild orbit-superposition dynamical modelling technique with the spatially-resolved mean stellar age and metallicity maps to uncover the formation history of galaxies. We apply this new approach to a remarkable 5-pointing mosaic of VLT/MUSE observations obtained by Guérou et al. (2016) extending to a maximum galactocentric distance of $120^{\prime \prime }$ ($\sim 5.6\mathrm{kpc}$) along the major axis, corresponding to $\sim 2.5{\mathrm{R}}_e$. Our method first identifies `families' of orbits from the dynamical model that represent dynamically-distinct structures of the galaxy. Individual ages and metallicities of these components are then fit for using the stellar-population information. Our results highlight components of the galaxy that are distinct in the combined stellar dynamics/populations space, which implies distinct formation paths. We find evidence for a dynamically-cold, metal-rich disk, consistent with a gradual in-situ formation. This disk is embedded in a generally-old population of stars, with kinematics ranging from dispersion-dominated in the centre to an old, diffuse, metal-poor stellar halo at the extremities. We find also a direct correlation between the dominant dynamical support of these components, and their associated age, akin to the relation observed in the Milky Way. This approach not only provides a powerful model for inferring the formation history of external galaxies, but also paves the way to a complete population-dynamical model.

21 pages. 14 figures + appendices. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (130)

• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• Evolutionary tracks and isochrones for low- and intermediate-mass stars: from 0.15 to 7 M_sun, and from Z=0.0004 to 0.03
• Parametric Recovery of Line-of-Sight Velocity Distributions from Absorption-Line Spectra of Galaxies via Penalized Likelihood
• The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems
• Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation
• The epochs of early-type galaxy formation as a function of environment
• MILES: A Medium resolution INT Library of Empirical Spectra
• The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood: Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of 14,000 F and G dwarfs
• Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
• Improving the full spectrum fitting method: accurate convolution with Gauss-Hermite functions
• Adaptive spatial binning of integral-field spectroscopic data using Voronoi tessellations
• The SBF Survey of Galaxy Distances. IV. SBF Magnitudes, Colors, and Distances
• The SAURON project - IV. The mass-to-light ratio, the virial mass estimator and the fundamental plane of elliptical and lenticular galaxies
• The SINS survey: SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy of z ~ 2 Star-forming Galaxies
• PHIBSS: molecular gas content and scaling relations in z~1-3 normal star forming galaxies
• First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: The evolution of stellar and gaseous disks across cosmic time
• Evolutionary Stellar Population Synthesis with MILES. Part I: The Base Models and a New Line Index System
• The Two Phases of Galaxy Formation
• An updated MILES stellar library and stellar population models
• The SAURON project -- IX. A kinematic classification for early-type galaxies
• The Atlas3D project - XV. Benchmark for early-type galaxies scaling relations from 260 dynamical models: mass-to-light ratio, dark matter, Fundamental Plane and Mass Plane
• HERACLES: The HERA CO-Line Extragalactic Survey
• A Catalog of Bulge+Disk Decompositions and Updated Photometry for 1.12 Million Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• A systematic variation of the stellar initial mass function in early-type galaxies
• The KMOS^3D Survey: design, first results, and the evolution of galaxy kinematics from 0.7<z<2.7
• The cored distribution of dark matter in spiral galaxies
• Compaction and Quenching of High-z Galaxies in Cosmological Simulations: Blue and Red Nuggets
• Structure and Kinematics of Early-Type Galaxies from Integral-Field Spectroscopy
• The Stellar Initial Mass Function in Early-Type Galaxies From Absorption Line Spectroscopy. II. Results
• The Atlas3D Project - XXX. Star formation histories and stellar population scaling relations of early-type galaxies
• The Extended Rotation Curve and the Dark Matter Halo of M33
• The Kiloparsec-Scale Kinematics of High-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies
• The SAURON project - XVII. Stellar population analysis of the absorption line strength maps of 48 early-type galaxies
• Triaxial orbit based galaxy models with an application to the (apparent) decoupled core galaxy NGC 4365
• Inside Out and Upside Down: Tracing the Assembly of a Simulated Disk Galaxy Using Mono-Age Stellar Populations
• Early-Type Galaxy Archeology: Ages, Abundance Ratios, and Effective Temperatures from Full-Spectrum Fitting
• A Supermassive Black Hole in an Ultracompact Dwarf Galaxy
• Spatially resolved spectroscopy of Coma cluster early -- type galaxies: III. The stellar population gradients
• Improved evidence for a black hole in M32 from HST/FOS spectra - II. Axisymmetric dynamical models
• BUDDA: A New Two-Dimensional Bulge/Disk Decomposition Code for Detailed Structural Analysis of Galaxies
• The SINS/zC-SINF survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: Evidence for powerful AGN-driven nuclear outflows in massive star-forming galaxies
• Evidence for strong dynamical evolution in disk galaxies through the last 11 Gyr. GHASP VIII: A local reference sample of rotating disk galaxies for high redshift studies
• Vertical disc heating in Milky Way-sized galaxies in a cosmological context
• A census of metals and baryons in stars in the local Universe
• MASSIV: Mass Assembly Survey with SINFONI in VVDS - II. Kinematics and close environment classification
• The mass distribution in early-type disk galaxies: declining rotation curves and correlations with optical properties
• Dynamical properties of AMAZE and LSD galaxies from gas kinematics and the Tully-Fisher relation at z~3
• Dynamical masses of early-type galaxies: a comparison to lensing results and implications for the stellar IMF and the distribution of dark matter
• The Structure and Dynamical Evolution of the Stellar Disk of a Simulated Milky Way-Mass Galaxy
• Spatially resolved spectroscopy of early-type galaxies over a range in mass
• The ATLAS3D project - XVII. Linking photometric and kinematic signatures of stellar discs in early-type galaxies
• Transformation from spirals into S0s with bulge growth in groups of galaxies
• Axisymmetric Three-Integral Models for Galaxies
• DYNAMO I: A Sample of Ha-Luminous Galaxies with Resolved Kinematics
• Dissecting the Red Sequence--I. Star Formation Histories of Quiescent Galaxies: The Color-Magnitude vs. the Color-Sigma Relation
• NMAGIC: Fast Parallel Implementation of a Chi-Squared-Made-to-Measure Algorithm for Modelling Observational Data
• Two-dimensional multi-component photometric decomposition of CALIFA galaxies
• Dissecting the Red Sequence--II. Star Formation Histories of Early-Type Galaxies Throughout the Fundamental Plane
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Global stellar population and gradients for about 2000 early-type and spiral galaxies on the mass-size plane
• Age velocity dispersion relations and heating histories in disc galaxies
• The Dark Matter Density Profile of the Fornax Dwarf
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Spatially Resolved Stellar Initial Mass Function in $\sim$400 Early-Type Galaxies
• Forming disk galaxies in wet major mergers. I. Three fiducial examples
• Dynamical models of NGC 3115
• Dynamical modelling of stars and gas in NGC2974: determination of mass-to-light ratio, inclination and orbital structure by Schwarzschild's method
• The Fossil Record of Two-phase Galaxy Assembly: Kinematics and Metallicities in the Nearest S0 Galaxy
• Dissecting simulated disc galaxies II: the age-velocity relation
• The importance of major mergers in the build up of stellar mass in brightest cluster galaxies at z=1
• Orbital decomposition of CALIFA spiral galaxies
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Spatially Resolved Metallicity and Ionization Mapping
• Timing the formation and assembly of early-type galaxies via spatially resolved stellar populations analysis
• MUSE observations of M87: radial gradients for the stellar initial-mass function and the abundance of Sodium
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: variation of the stellar initial mass function in spiral and early-type galaxies
• IMF shape constraints from stellar populations and dynamics from CALIFA
• The age-velocity dispersion relation of the Galactic discs from LAMOST-Gaia data
• The SLUGGS survey: Exploring the metallicity gradients of nearby early-type galaxies to large radii
• Dominant dark matter and a counter rotating disc: MUSE view of the low luminosity S0 galaxy NGC 5102
• Discrete dynamical modelling of omega Centauri
• Rotation and Mass in the Milky Way and Spiral Galaxies
• Exploring the mass assembly of the early-type disc galaxy NGC3115 with MUSE
• The SLUGGS Survey: NGC 3115, A Critical Test Case for Metallicity Bimodality in Globular Cluster Systems
• HI study of the warped spiral galaxy NGC5055: a disk/dark matter halo offset?
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Formation Sequence of S0 Galaxies
• A catalog of polychromatic bulge-disk decompositions of ~ 17.600 galaxies in CANDELS
• The effect of bars and transient spirals on the vertical heating in disk galaxies
• Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers. Morphological properties: tidal relics, lenses, ovals, and other inner components
• GMOS Spectroscopy of the S0 galaxy NGC 3115
• The stellar initial mass function in red-sequence galaxies: 1-micron spectroscopy of Coma Cluster galaxies with Subaru/FMOS
• Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers: Explaining angular momentum and concentration change from spirals to S0s
• Spectroscopic bulge-disc decomposition: a new method to study the evolution of lenticular galaxies
• Statistics of the structure components in S0s: implications for bar induced secular evolution
• Near-infrared surface photometry of early-type spiral galaxies: I. Bulge and disk decomposition
• A discrete chemo-dynamical model of the dwarf spheroidal galaxy Sculptor: mass profile, velocity anisotropy and internal rotation
• Systematic trends in total-mass profiles from dynamical models of early-type galaxies
• On the dynamics of the Small Magellanic Cloud through high-resolution ASKAP HI observations
• Recovery of the internal orbital structure of galaxies
• Spatially resolved variations of the IMF mass normalisation in early-type galaxies as probed by molecular gas kinematics
• Untangling galaxy components: full spectral bulge-disc decomposition
• Abundance patterns in early-type galaxies: is there a 'knee' in the [Fe/H] vs. [alpha/Fe] relation?
• A quartet of black holes and a missing duo: probing the low-end of the Mbh - sigma relation with the adaptive optics assisted integral-field spectroscopy
• Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers. Evolution in the Tully-Fisher relation since $z\sim 1$
• The SLUGGS Survey: A comparison of total-mass profiles of early-type galaxies from observations and cosmological simulations, to $\sim$4 effective radii
• Galaxy structure from multiple tracers: III. Radial variations in M87's IMF
• Resolving the Disc-Halo Degeneracy I: A Look at NGC 628
• The Link between the Baryonic Mass Distribution and the Rotation Curve Shape
• Evaluating the ability of triaxial Schwarzschild modelling to estimate properties of galaxies from the Illustris simulation
• Abundance ratios and IMF slope in the dwarf elliptical galaxy NGC~1396 with MUSE
• The Influence of a Kinematically Cold Young Component on Disc-Halo Decompositions in Spiral Galaxies: Insights from Solar Neighbourhood K-giants
• A unified model for age-velocity dispersion relations in Local Group galaxies: Disentangling ISM turbulence and latent dynamical heating
• Chemo-kinematics of the Milky Way from the SDSS-III MARVELS Survey
• KINETyS: Constraining spatial variations of the stellar initial mass function in early-type galaxies
• Forming Lenticular Galaxies via Violent Disk Instability
• A discrete chemo-dynamical model of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 5846: dark matter fraction, internal rotation and velocity anisotropy out to six effective radii
• Formation of S0s via disc accretion around high-redshift compact ellipticals
• The properties and the formation mechanism of the stellar counter-rotating components in NGC 4191
• Mass profile decomposition of the Frontier Fields cluster MACS J0416-02403. Insights on the Dark-Matter inner profile
• Globular clusters of NGC 3115 in the near-infrared. Demonstrating the correctness of two opposing scenarios
• Radial measurements of IMF-sensitive absorption features in two massive ETGs
• Regularizing made-to-measure particle models of galaxies
• The dichotomy of dark matter fraction and total mass density slope of galaxies over five dex in mass
• The Hydra I cluster core. I. Stellar populations in the cD galaxy NGC 3311
• Spectroscopic decomposition of NGC 3521: unveiling the properties of the bulge and disc
• Revisiting the Stellar Velocity Ellipsoid - Hubble type relation: observations versus simulations
• The Influence of Galaxy Environment on the Stellar Initial Mass Function of Early-Type Galaxies
• Extragalactic archeology with the GHOSTS Survey I. - Age-resolved disk structure of nearby low-mass galaxies
• Chemo-dynamical modelling with Schwarzschild's method
• A photometric analysis of Abell 1689: two-dimensional multi-structure decomposition, morphological classification, and the Fundamental Plane
• Hierarchical Bayesian inference of the Initial Mass Function in Composite Stellar Populations

Cited by in corpus (47)

• Efficient solution of the anisotropic spherically-aligned axisymmetric Jeans equations of stellar hydrodynamics for galactic dynamics
• An EAGLE's View of Ex-situ Galaxy Growth
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: The internal orbital structure and mass distribution of passive galaxies from triaxial orbit-superposition Schwarzschild models
• The SLUGGS Survey: Measuring globular cluster ages using both photometry and spectroscopy
• Disentangling the formation history of galaxies via population-orbit superposition: method validation
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Decomposed Stellar Kinematics of Galaxy Bulges and Disks
• Mass of the dynamically hot inner stellar halo predicts the ancient accreted stellar mass
• The Fornax3D project: Assembly histories of lenticular galaxies from a combined dynamical and population orbital analysis
• Accreted or Not Accreted? The Fraction of Accreted Mass in Galaxies from Simulations and Observations
• The origin of bulges and discs in the CALIFA survey: I. Morphological evolution
• Inverse stellar population age gradients of post-starburst galaxies at z=0.8 with LEGA-C
• The Fornax3D project: discovery of ancient massive merger events in the Fornax cluster galaxies NGC 1380 and NGC 1427
• Triaxial Orbit-based Dynamical Modeling of Galaxies with Supermassive Black Holes and an Application to Massive Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1453
• Globular cluster numbers in dark matter haloes in a dual formation scenario: an empirical model within EMERGE
• On the robustness of triaxial Schwarzschild modelling: The effects of correcting the orbit mirroring
• An [$\alpha$/Fe]-enhanced thick disk in a Milky Way Analogue
• The SLUGGS survey: combining stars, globular clusters and planetary nebulae to understand the assembly history of early-type galaxies from their large radii kinematics
• The GECKOS Survey: Identifying kinematic sub-structures in edge-on galaxies
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: bulge and disk stellar population properties in cluster galaxies
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Environmental analysis of the orbital structures of passive galaxies
• Orbit-Superposition Dynamical Modeling of Barred Galaxies
• Stellar Population Synthesis with Distinct Kinematics: Multi-Age Asymmetric Drift in SDSS-IV MaNGA Galaxies
• The Fornax3D project: Environmental effects on the assembly of dynamically cold disks in Fornax cluster galaxies
• Dynamical modelling of the twisted galaxy PGC 046832
• Effect of the initial mass function on the dynamical SMBH mass estimate in the nucleated early-type galaxy FCC 47
• Dynamical Modeling of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes: Axisymmetry in Triaxial Schwarzschild Orbit Superposition Models
• Dust attenuation, dust content and geometry of star-forming galaxies
• Quantifying the stellar ages of dynamically separated bulges and disks of CALIFA spiral galaxies
• The assembly history of the nearest S0 galaxy NGC 3115 from its kinematics out to six half-light radii
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: galaxy spin is more strongly correlated with stellar population age than mass or environment
• Recovering the origins of the lenticular galaxy NGC 3115 using multi-band imaging
• Recovering age-metallicity distributions from integrated spectra: validation with MUSE data of a nearby nuclear star cluster
• Galaxy archaeology for wet mergers: Globular cluster age distributions in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies
• Early-Type Galaxies: Elliptical and S0 Galaxies, or Fast and Slow Rotators
• Unravelling stellar populations in the Andromeda Galaxy
• Probabilistic model for dynamic galaxy decomposition
• The Fornax3D project: Intrinsic Correlations between Orbital Properties and the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• The extended Planetary Nebula Spectrograph (ePN.S) early-type galaxy survey: The specific angular momentum of ETGs
• Age-Divided Mean Stellar Populations from Full Spectrum Fitting as the Simplified Star Formation and Chemical Evolution History of a Galaxy: Methodology and Reliability
• CN and CO Features: Key Indicators of Red Giant Evolutionary Phase in Moderate-Resolution X-Shooter Spectra
• Recovering the pattern speeds of edge-on barred galaxies via an orbit-superposition method
• The SAMI Survey: Evidence for dynamical coupling of ionised gas and young stellar populations
• Rediscovering the Milky Way with orbit superposition approach and APOGEE data III. Panoramic view of the bulge
• Orbit-based structural decomposition and stellar population recovery for edge-on barred galaxies
• From gas to stars: MUSEings on the internal evolution of IC 1613
• The MAGPI Survey: the subtle role of environment and not-so-subtle impact of generations of stars on galaxy dynamics
• Using MUSE-AO observations to constrain the formation of the large nuclear star cluster in FCC47