Predicted Extension of the Sagittarius Stream to the Milky Way Virial Radius

Abstract

The extensive span of the Sagittarius (Sgr) stream makes it a promising tool for studying the Milky Way gravitational potential. Characterizing its stellar kinematics can constrain halo properties and provide a benchmark for the Cold Dark Matter galaxy formation paradigm. Accurate models of the disruption dynamics of the Sgr progenitor are necessary to employ this tool. Using a combination of analytic modeling and N-body simulations, we build a new model of the Sgr orbit and resulting stellar stream. In contrast to previous models, we simulate the full infall trajectory of the Sgr progenitor from the time it first crossed the Milky Way virial radius 8 Gyr ago. An exploration of the parameter space of initial phase-space conditions yields tight constraints on the angular momentum of the Sgr progenitor. Our best-fit model is the first to reproduce accurately existing data on the 3D positions and radial velocities of the debris detected 100 kpc away in the MW halo. In addition to replicating the mapped stream, the simulation also predicts the existence of several arms of the Sgr stream extending to hundreds of kiloparsecs. The two most distant stars known in the Milky Way halo coincide with the predicted structure. Additional stars in the newly predicted arms can be found with future data from the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. Detecting a statistical sample of stars in the most distant Sgr arms would provide an opportunity to constrain the Milky Way potential out to unprecedented Galactocentric radii.

arXiv comment13 pages

References in corpus (66)

• A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
• The cosmological simulation code GADGET-2
• Local Kinematics and the Local Standard of Rest
• In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe
• Trigonometric Parallaxes of High Mass Star Forming Regions: the Structure and Kinematics of the Milky Way
• A 2MASS All-Sky View of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy: I. Morphology of the Sagittarius Core and Tidal Arms
• A Comprehensive Analysis of Uncertainties Affecting the Stellar Mass - Halo Mass Relation for 0<z<4
• The Field of Streams: Sagittarius and its Siblings
• The Milky Way's Circular Velocity Curve to 60 kpc and an Estimate of the Dark Matter Halo Mass from Kinematics of ~2400 SDSS Blue Horizontal Branch Stars
• The Merger Rates and Mass Assembly Histories of Dark Matter Haloes in the Two Millennium Simulations
• Are the Magellanic Clouds on their First Passage about the Milky Way?
• The Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy: a Model for Evolution in a Triaxial Milky Way Halo
• Connecting Galaxies, Halos, and Star Formation Rates Across Cosmic Time
• Third-Epoch Magellanic Cloud Proper Motions I: HST/WFC3 data and Orbit Implications
• Great Circle tidal streams: evidence for a nearly spherical massive dark halo around the Milky Way
• Measurement of areas on a sphere using Fibonacci and latitude-longitude lattices
• A universal model for halo concentrations
• A 2MASS All-Sky View of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy: IV. Modeling the Sagittarius Tidal Tails
• The Disruption of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy.
• The Milky Way: An Exceptionally Quiet Galaxy; Implications for the formation of spiral galaxies
• The M31 Velocity Vector. II. Radial Orbit Towards the Milky Way and Implied Local Group Mass
• The Sagittarius impact as an architect of spirality and outer rings in the Milky Way
• "Skinny Milky Way, Please", says Sagittarius
• The Origin of the Bifurcation in the Sagittarius Stream
• A 2MASS All-Sky View of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy: III. Constraints on the Flattening of the Galactic Halo
• Velocity trends in the debris of Sagittarius and the shape of the dark-matter halo of the Galaxy
• The nucleus of the Sagittarius dSph galaxy and M54: a window on the process of galaxy nucleation
• Precession of the Sagittarius stream
• Sagittarius Tidal Debris 90 kpc from the Galactic Center
• And yet it moves: The dangers of artificially fixing the Milky Way center of mass in the presence of a massive Large Magellanic Cloud
• Fundamental Parameters of the Milky Way Galaxy Based on VLBI astrometry
• A Two Micron All-Sky Survey View of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy: II. Swope Telescope Spectroscopy of M Giant Stars in the Dynamically Cold Sagittarius Tidal Stream
• Evidence for a Triaxial Milky Way Dark Matter Halo from the Sagittarius Stellar Tidal Stream
• Constraints on the shape of the Milky Way dark matter halo from the Sagittarius stream
• The cold veil of the Milky Way stellar halo
• Re-Assembling the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy
• Was the Progenitor of the Sagittarius Stream a Disc Galaxy?
• To Circularize or Not to Circularize? -- Orbital Evolution of Satellite Galaxies
• The diverse evolutionary paths of simulated high-z massive, compact galaxies to z=0
• The M31 Velocity Vector. III. Future Milky Way-M31-M33 Orbital Evolution, Merging, and Fate of the Sun
• Evidence for a Milky Way Tidal Stream Reaching Beyond 100 kpc
• A Tail of Two Populations: Chemo-dynamics of the Sagittarius Stream and Implications for its Original Mass
• The Orbit and Mass of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy
• Cosmological Origin of the Stellar Velocity Dispersions in Massive Early-Type Galaxies
• Early Formation and Late Merging of the Giant Galaxies
• An analysis of the evolving comoving number density of galaxies in hydrodynamical simulations
• The fate of high-redshift massive compact galaxies
• HST absolute Proper Motions of NGC 6681 (M70) and the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• Baryonic and dark matter distribution in cosmological simulations of spiral galaxies
• The Sagittarius Stream and Halo Triaxiality
• Modeling Tidal Streams in evolving dark matter halos
• The age of the main population of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy. Solving the "M giant conundrum"
• Dark Matter Direct Search Rates in Simulations of the Milky Way and Sagittarius Stream
• The Structure of the Sagittarius Stellar Stream as Traced by Blue Horizontal Branch Stars
• Does the Sagittarius Stream constrain the Milky Way halo to be triaxial?
• Distance to the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy using MACHO Project RR Lyrae stars
• No evidence for internal rotation in the remnant core of the Sagittarius dwarf
• Signatures of the M31-M32 Galactic Collision
• Unbound Debris Streams and Remnants Resulting From the Tidal Disruptions of Stars by Supermassive Black Holes
• Selecting M-giants with infra-red photometry: Distances, metallicities and the Sagittarius stream
• Galaxy Satellites and the Weak Equivalence Principle
• Hubble Space Telescope Proper Motions along the Sagittarius Stream: I. Observations and Results for Stars in Four Fields
• Exposing Sgr tidal debris behind the Galactic disk with M giants selected in WISE$\cap$2MASS
• Spitzer, Gaia, and the Potential of the Milky Way
• The Most Distant Stars in the Milky Way
• The connection between the host halo and the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way

Cited by in corpus (58)

• Streams, substructures and the early history of the Milky Way
• Evidence from the H3 Survey that the Stellar Halo is Entirely Comprised of Substructure
• Tango for three: Sagittarius, LMC, and the Milky Way
• Footprints of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy in the $Gaia$ data set
• The Influence of Sagittarius and the Large Magellanic Cloud on the Milky Way Galaxy
• Hunting for the Dark Matter Wake Induced by the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Reconstructing the Last Major Merger of the Milky Way with the H3 Survey
• The mass of our Milky Way
• Quantifying the impact of the Large Magellanic Cloud on the structure of the Milky Way's dark matter halo using Basis Function Expansions
• Early formation and recent starburst activity in the nuclear disc of the Milky Way
• Dynamical Friction in a Fuzzy Dark Matter Universe
• Galactic Archaeology with Gaia
• The $>100$ kpc Distant Spur of the Sagittarius Stream and the Outer Virgo Overdensity, as Seen in PS1 RR Lyrae Stars
• The Geometry of Sagittarius Stream from Pan-STARRS1 3$\pi$ RR Lyrae
• An all-sky proper motion map of the Sagittarius stream using Gaia DR2
• Quantifying the Stellar Halo's Response to the LMC's Infall with Spherical Harmonics
• The merger and assembly histories of Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies with TNG50: disk survival through mergers
• High-resolution spectroscopy of the GD-1 stellar stream localizes the perturber near the orbital plane of Sagittarius
• Orbits of massive satellite galaxies: II. Bayesian Estimates of the Milky Way and Andromeda masses using high precision astrometry and cosmological simulations
• Fossil stellar streams and their globular cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• The Sagittarius dwarf galaxy: Where did all the gas go?
• Stellar streams as gravitational experiments I. The case of Sagittarius
• Upper Limit on the Milky Way Mass from the Orbit of the Sagittarius Dwarf Satellite
• Connecting the Milky Way potential profile to the orbital timescales and spatial structure of the Sagittarius Stream
• Tracing Kinematic and Chemical Properties of Sagittarius Stream by K-Giants, M-Giants, and BHB stars
• The Complexity of the Cetus Stream Unveiled from the Fusion of STREAMFINDER and StarGO
• Satellites of Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies with TNG50: quenched fractions, gas content, and star formation histories
• The Sagittarius stream in Gaia eDR3 and the origin of the bifurcations
• The Outer Halo of the Milky Way as Probed by RR Lyr Variables from the Palomar Transient Facility
• Revealing the Structure and Internal Rotation of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy with Gaia and Machine Learning
• Detecting the Sagittarius stream with LAMOST DR4 M giants \& Gaia DR2
• Probing the Galactic Halo with RR Lyrae Stars. II. The Substructures of the Milky Way
• Is NGC 5824 the Core of the Progenitor of the Cetus Stream?
• Identification of Sagittarius stream members in Angular Momentum space with Gaussian mixture techniques
• The Pristine survey -- VII. A cleaner view of the Galactic outer halo using blue horizontal branch stars
• Structure of the Milky Way stellar halo out to its outer boundary with blue horizontal-branch stars
• Galactic forces rule dynamics of Milky Way dwarf galaxies
• Three-dimensional structure of the Sagittarius dSph core from RR Lyrae
• Tidally induced morphology of M33 in hydrodynamical simulations of its recent interaction with M31
• The M31/M33 tidal interaction: A hydrodynamic simulation of the extended gas distribution
• Detecting the Figure Rotation of Dark Matter Halos with Tidal Streams
• The STREGA survey. II. Globular Cluster Palomar 12
• They Might Be Giants: An Efficient Color-Based Selection of Red Giant Stars
• Wide binaries from the H3 survey: the thick disk and halo have similar wide binary fractions
• Differential rotation of the halo traced by the K-giant stars
• Globular Clusters Lost by the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• Two Portions of Sagittarius Stream in the LAMOST Complete Spectroscopic Survey of Pointing Area at Southern Galactic Cap
• A Pristine-UNIONS view on the Galaxy: Kinematics of the distant spur feature of the Sagittarius stream traced by Blue Horizontal Branch stars
• Effective N-body models of composite collisionless stellar systems
• On the Cooling Flow Problem in the Gaseous Halo of the Milky Way
• Survivors and Zombies: The Quenching and Disruption of Satellites around Milky Way Analogs
• A Vertically Orientated Dark Matter Halo Marks a Flip of the Galactic Disk
• Fitting the density substructure of the stellar halo with MilkyWay@home
• Nuclear star clusters as probes of dark matter halos: the case of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• Delayed phase mixing in the self-gravitating Galactic disc
• Exploring the Sagittarius stream with RR Lyrae Stars from Gaia Data Release 3
• The Sagittarius stellar stream embedded in a fermionic dark matter halo
• Machine-Learned Dark Matter Subhalo Candidates in the 4FGL-DR2: Search for the Perturber of the GD-1 Stream