The Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy: a Model for Evolution in a Triaxial Milky Way Halo

Abstract

We present a new N-body model for the tidal disruption of the Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf that is capable of simultaneously satisfying the majority of angular position, distance, and radial velocity constraints imposed by current wide-field surveys of its dynamically young (< 3 Gyr) tidal debris streams. In particular, this model resolves the conflicting angular position and radial velocity constraints on the Sgr leading tidal stream that have been highlighted in recent years. While the model does not reproduce the apparent bifurcation observed in the leading debris stream, recent observational data suggest that this bifurcation may represent a constraint on the internal properties of the Sgr dwarf rather than the details of its orbit. The key element in the success of this model is the introduction of a non-axisymmetric component to the Galactic gravitational potential which can be described in terms of a triaxial dark matter halo whose minor/major axis ratio (c/a)_Phi = 0.72 and intermediate/major axis ratio (b/a)_Phi = 0.99 at radii 20 < r < 60 kpc. The minor/intermediate/major axes of this halo lie along the directions (l, b) = (7, 0), (0, 90), and (97, 0) respectively, corresponding to a nearly-oblate ellipsoid whose minor axis is contained within the Galactic disk plane. We demonstrate that with simple assumptions about the star formation history of Sgr, tidal stripping models naturally give rise to gradients in the metallicity distribution function (MDF) along the stellar debris streams similar to those observed in recent studies. (Abridged).

27 pages, 19 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. Version with full-resolution figures is available at http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~drlaw/Papers/Sgr_triax.pdf

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• Kinematics and Metallicity of Red Giant Branch Stars in the Northeast Shelf of M31
• Extremely Flat Haloes and the Shape of the Galaxy
• Characterization and dynamics of the peculiar stream Jhelum, A tentative role for the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy
• The tilting rate of the Milky Way's disc
• Chronology of our Galaxy from Gaia colour-magnitude diagram fitting (ChronoGal) II. Unveiling the formation and evolution of the kinematically selected Thick and Thin Discs
• The high-velocity clouds above the disk of the outer Milky Way: misty precipitating gas in a region roiled by stellar streams
• A Cold Stellar Stream in Pegasus
• Globular Clusters Lost by the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• Measuring the local Dark Matter density in the laboratory
• Two Portions of Sagittarius Stream in the LAMOST Complete Spectroscopic Survey of Pointing Area at Southern Galactic Cap
• Probing the shape of the Milky Way dark matter halo with hypervelocity stars: a new method
• Tidal Debris as a Dark Matter Probe
• Stellar Tidal Streams in External Galaxies
• Discy dwarf disruption and the shape of the Galactic halo
• Testing the Dark Matter Caustic Theory Against Observations in the Milky Way
• Identifying Star Streams in the Milky Way Halo
• Atmospheric parameters and kinematic information for the M giants stars from LAMOST DR9
• Searching Extra-tidal Features around the Globular Cluster Whiting 1
• Forward and Back: Kinematics of the Palomar 5 Tidal Tails
• The globular cluster NGC7492 and the Sagittarius tidal stream: together but unmixed
• A Pristine-UNIONS view on the Galaxy: Kinematics of the distant spur feature of the Sagittarius stream traced by Blue Horizontal Branch stars
• Stellar Streams in Chameleon Gravity
• Halo shapes constrained from a pure sample of central galaxies in KiDS-1000
• Characterizing the SHARDS of Disrupted Milky Way Satellites with LAMOST
• Revisit NGC 5466 Tidal Stream with $Gaia$, SDSS/SEGUE and LAMOST
• Weakly-Supervised Anomaly Detection in the Milky Way
• On the chaos induced by the Galactic bar on the orbits of nearby halo stars
• First measurement of the triaxiality of the inner dark matter halo of the Milky Way
• A catalogue of oxygen-rich pulsating giants in the galactic halo and the Sagittarius stream
• Existence of Tidal Tails for the Globular Cluster NGC 5824
• Identifying the possible ex-situ origin of the globular clusters of the Milky Way: A kinematic study
• Measuring the Matter Density of the Galactic Disk Using Stellar Streams
• Constraining the top-light initial mass function in the extended ultraviolet disk of M83
• Stellar Migration and Chemical Enrichment in the Milky Way Disc: A Hybrid Model
• A general basis set algorithm for galactic haloes and discs
• SiO Maser Survey towards off-plane O-rich AGBs around the orbital plane of the Sagittarius Stellar Stream
• A New Cold Stream near the Southern Galactic Pole
• Concurrent infall of satellites: Collective effects changing the overall picture
• Mapping the Milky Way in 5-D with 170 Million Stars
• STRRINGS: STReams in Residual Images of Nearby GalaxieS
• Fitting the density substructure of the stellar halo with MilkyWay@home
• A Vertically Orientated Dark Matter Halo Marks a Flip of the Galactic Disk
• A Dwarf Galaxy Debris Stream Associated with Palomar 1 and the Anticenter Stream
• An Orbit Fit to Likely Hermus Stream Stars
• Orbital phase-driven biases in Galactic mass constraints from stellar streams
• Delayed phase mixing in the self-gravitating Galactic disc
• Inferring the density and membership of stellar streams with flexible models: The GD-1 stream in Gaia Data Release 3
• Globular cluster candidates in the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy
• Integrals of motion for non-axisymmetric potentials
• Exploring the Sagittarius stream with RR Lyrae Stars from Gaia Data Release 3
• Astrometric mock observations for determining the local dark matter density
• MilkyWay@home: Harnessing volunteer computers to constrain dark matter in the Milky Way
• On the behaviour of streams in angle and frequency spaces in different potentials
• A fork in the Sagittarius trailing debris
• Local Group Proper Motion Dynamics
• Water Maser Survey towards off-plane O-rich AGBs around the orbital plane of the Sagittarius Stellar Stream
• LAMOST 1: A Disrupted Satellite in the Constellation Draco
• Uncover 3D Dark Matter Distribution of the Milky Way by an Empirical Triaxial Orbit-Superposition Model: Method Validation
• Variable gravitational potential of Milky Way analogues in HESTIA suite
• The Sagittarius stellar stream embedded in a fermionic dark matter halo
• New tidal debris nearby the Sagittarius leading tail from the LAMOST DR2 M giant stars
• GSE vs. LMC: reshaping of radially biased stellar haloes by satellites
• DELVE-ing into the Milky Way's Globular Clusters: Assessing extra-tidal features in NGC 5897, NGC 7492, and testing detectability with deeper photometry
• Kinematics of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal core: A 5D Analysis for a 6D Methodology with Gaia DR3
• Globular Cluster Streams as Galactic High-Precision Scales
• Constraining the population of dark matter halo shapes using hierarchical inference with extragalactic stellar streams
• Revisiting a disky origin for the faint branch of the Sagittarius stellar stream
• Globular Clusters in the Sagittarius stream. Revising members and candidates with Gaia DR2
• Epicyclic Density Variations in the Indus Stellar Stream
• A Tilt in the Dark Matter Halo of the Galaxy
• Smart: A program to automatically compute accelerations and variational equations