Ringdown frequencies in black holes formed from precessing black-hole binaries

Abstract

We present a simple formula for the effective ringdown frequencies of the gravitational-wave signal of a precessing black-hole binary in the co-precessing frame. This formula requires only knowledge of the quasi-normal mode frequencies of the system and the value of the precession angle $\beta$ during ringdown. Such a formula will be useful in modelling precessing systems. We also provide a comprehensive description of the oscillations in the ringdown frequency in an inertial frame where the spin of the final black hole is in the $z$-direction. These oscillations arise due to the superposition of the prograde and retrograde frequencies. Our understanding of these oscillations can be used to extract the ratio of the amplitudes of the prograde and retrograde frequencies from numerical data. Alternatively, knowledge of this ratio of the amplitudes can be used to produce a simple model of the time domain oscillations in the ringdown frequency.

18 pages, 12 figures

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• GW190521: tracing imprints of spin-precession on the most massive black hole binary
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• Universal phenomenological relations between spherical harmonic modes in non-precessing eccentric binary black hole merger waveforms
• Observability of spin precession in the presence of a black-hole remnant kick
• Waging a Campaign: Results from an Injection-Recovery Study involving 35 numerical Relativity Simulations and three Waveform Models
• Dynamical Lensing Tomography of Black Hole Ringdown
• Mapping Parameter Correlations in Spinning Binary Black Hole Mergers
• Natural polynomials for Kerr quasi-normal modes
• Uncovering subdominant multipole asymmetries in binary black-hole mergers
• Black-hole ringdown with templates capturing spin precession: A reanalysis of GW190521
• Plunge-Merger-Ringdown Tests of General Relativity with GW250114
• Measuring spin precession from massive black hole binaries with gravitational waves: insights from time-domain signal morphology