A Synergy of the Velocity Gradients Technique and the Probability Density Functions for Identifying Gravitational Collapse in Self-Absorbing Media

Abstract

The Velocity Gradients Technique (VGT) and the Probability Density Functions (PDFs) of mass density are tools to study turbulence, magnetic fields, and self-gravity in molecular clouds. However, self-absorption can significantly make the observed intensity different from the column density structures. In this work, we study the effects of self-absorption on the VGT and the intensity PDFs utilizing three synthetic emission lines of CO isotopologs ${}^{12}$CO (1-0), ${}^{13}$CO (1-0), and C${}^{18}$O (1-0). We confirm that the performance of VGT is insensitive to the radiative transfer effect. We numerically show the possibility of constructing 3D magnetic fields tomography through VGT. We find that the intensity PDFs change their shape from the pure log-normal to a distribution that exhibits a power-law tail depending on the optical depth for supersonic turbulence. We conclude the change of CO isotopologs' intensity PDFs can be independent of self-gravity, which makes the intensity PDFs less reliable in identifying gravitational collapsing regions. We compute the intensity PDFs for a star-forming region NGC 1333 and find the change of intensity PDFs in observation agrees with our numerical results. The synergy of VGT and the column density PDFs confirms that the self-gravitating gas occupies a large volume in NGC 1333.

20 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Revealing Gravitational Collapse in Serpens G3-G6 Molecular Cloud using Velocity Gradients
• Role of magnetic fields in fueling Seyfert nuclei
• Multi-Phase Magnetic Fields in the Galaxy NGC 3627
• Characterizing three-dimensional magnetic field, turbulence, and self-gravity in the star-forming region L1688
• Magnetic Field of Molecular Gas Measured with the Velocity Gradient Technique I. Orion A