Ubiquitous outflows in DEEP2 spectra of star-forming galaxies at z=1.4

Abstract

Galactic winds are a prime suspect for the metal enrichment of the intergalactic medium and may have a strong influence on the chemical evolution of galaxies and the nature of QSO absorption line systems. We use a sample of 1406 galaxy spectra at z~1.4 from the DEEP2 redshift survey to show that blueshifted Mg II 2796, 2803 A absorption is ubiquitous in starforming galaxies at this epoch. This is the first detection of frequent outflowing galactic winds at z~1. The presence and depth of absorption are independent of AGN spectral signatures or galaxy morphology; major mergers are not a prerequisite for driving a galactic wind from massive galaxies. Outflows are found in coadded spectra of galaxies spanning a range of 30x in stellar mass and 10x in star formation rate (SFR), calibrated from K-band and from MIPS IR fluxes. The outflows have column densities of order N_H ~ 10^20 cm^-2 and characteristic velocities of ~ 300-500 km/sec, with absorption seen out to 1000 km/sec in the most massive, highest SFR galaxies. The velocities suggest that the outflowing gas can escape into the IGM and that massive galaxies can produce cosmologically and chemically significant outflows. Both the Mg II equivalent width and the outflow velocity are larger for galaxies of higher stellar mass and SFR, with V_wind ~ SFR^0.3, similar to the scaling in low redshift IR-luminous galaxies. The high frequency of outflows in the star-forming galaxy population at z~1 indicates that galactic winds occur in the progenitors of massive spirals as well as those of ellipticals. The increase of outflow velocity with mass and SFR constrains theoretical models of galaxy evolution that include feedback from galactic winds, and may favor momentum-driven models for the wind physics.

Accepted by ApJ. 25 pages, 17 figures. Revised to add discussions of intervening absorbers and AGN-driven outflows; conclusions unchanged

References in corpus (36)

• Star Formation in AEGIS Field Galaxies since z=1.1 : The Dominance of Gradually Declining Star Formation, and the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies
• UV Star Formation Rates in the Local Universe
• Cosmological Simulations of Intergalactic Medium Enrichment from Galactic Outflows
• The All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS) Data Sets
• The Origin of the Galaxy Mass-Metallicity Relation and Implications for Galactic Outflows
• Star formation in AEGIS field galaxies since z=1.1 . Staged galaxy formation, and a model of mass-dependent gas exhaustion
• The Discovery of 1000 km/s Outflows in Massive Post-starburst Galaxies at z=0.6
• The role of stellar feedback in the formation of galaxies
• Extreme gas kinematics in the z=2.2 powerful radio galaxy MRC1138-262: Evidence for efficient AGN feedback in the early Universe?
• On the onset of galactic winds in quiescent star forming galaxies
• A Revised Model for the Formation of Disk Galaxies: Low Spin and Dark-Halo Expansion
• AEGIS: The color-magnitude relation for X-ray selected AGN
• The Metallicity of Galaxy Disks: Infall versus Outflow
• The Baryon Content of Extremely Low Mass Dwarf Galaxies
• The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Color and Luminosity Dependence of Galaxy Clustering at z~1
• The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Evolution of the Color-Density Relation at 0.4 < z < 1.35
• A Survey of Galaxy Kinematics to z ~ 1 in the TKRS/GOODS-N Field. I. Rotation and Dispersion Properties
• A Model for Star Formation, Gas Flows and Chemical Evolution in Galaxies at High Redshifts
• Spitzer Mid-to-Far-Infrared Flux Densities of Distant Galaxies
• New perspectives on strong z=0.5 MgII absorbers: are halo-mass and equivalent width anti-correlated?
• The DEEP2 galaxy redshift survey: the evolution of the blue fraction in groups and the field
• Mapping Large-Scale Gaseous Outflows in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies with Keck II ESI Spectra: Spatial Extent of the Outflow
• Quasars Probing Quasars II: The Anisotropic Clustering of Optically Thick Absorbers around Quasars
• AEGIS: Enhancement of Dust-enshrouded Star Formation in Close Galaxy Pairs and Merging Galaxies up to z ~ 1
• Narrow associated QSO absorbers: clustering, outflows and the line-of-sight proximity effect
• Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Lensed Galaxies at 1<z<3: The Nature of Sources Near the MIPS Confusion Limit
• The Baryon Content of Dark Matter Halos: Empirical Constraints from MgII Absorbers
• The Varied Fates of z~2 Star-forming Galaxies
• Quasars: What turns them off?
• The Origin and Kinematics of Cold Gas in Galactic Winds: Insight from Numerical Simulations
• On the Halo Occupation of Dark Baryons
• The Faint and Extremely Red K-band Selected Galaxy Population in the DEEP2/Palomar Fields
• AEGIS: Extinction and Star Formation Tracers from Line Emission
• Extinction Corrected Star Formation Rates Empirically Derived from Ultraviolet-Optical Colors
• Kinematics of Interstellar Gas in Nearby UV-Selected Galaxies Measured with HST/STIS Spectroscopy
• The DEEP2 Redshift Survey: Lyman Alpha Emitters in the Spectroscopic Database

Cited by in corpus (186)

• The KMOS^3D Survey: design, first results, and the evolution of galaxy kinematics from 0.7<z<2.7
• The COS-Halos Survey: Physical Conditions and Baryonic Mass in the Low-Redshift Circumgalactic Medium
• Understanding Galaxy Evolution through Emission Lines
• Characterizing the Circumgalactic Medium of Nearby Galaxies with HST/COS and HST/STIS Absorption-Line Spectroscopy
• The COS-Dwarfs Survey: The Carbon Reservoir Around sub-L* Galaxies
• Star-Forming Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Metallicity gradients in local field star-forming galaxies: Insights on inflows, outflows, and the coevolution of gas, stars and metals
• Magnetized Gas Clouds can Survive Acceleration by a Hot Wind
• The Launching of Cold Clouds by Galaxy Outflows I: Hydrodynamic Interactions with Radiative Cooling
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Shocks and Outflows in a normal star-forming galaxy
• The Ly-alpha Properties of Faint Galaxies at z2-3 with Systemic Redshifts and Velocity Dispersions from Keck-MOSFIRE
• Metal-line absorption around $z\approx$2.4 star-forming galaxies in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey
• Dependence of Interstellar Turbulent Pressure on Supernova Rate
• Neutral hydrogen in galaxy halos at the peak of the cosmic star formation history
• The Impact of Feedback on Disk Galaxy Scaling Relations
• Hydrodynamical Coupling of Mass and Momentum in Multiphase Galactic Winds
• The Structure of Multiphase Galactic Winds
• High-Velocity Outflows Without AGN Feedback: Eddington-Limited Star Formation in Compact Massive Galaxies
• Metal-enriched, sub-kiloparsec gas clumps in the circumgalactic medium of a faint z = 2.5 galaxy
• Quasars Probing Galaxies: I. Signatures of Gas Accretion at Redshift Approximately 0.2
• The dust budget crisis in high-redshift submillimetre galaxies
• Quasars Probing Quasars VII. The Pinnacle of the Cool Circumgalactic Medium Surrounds Massive z~2 Galaxies
• PHIBSS2: survey design and z=0.5-0.8 results. Molecular gas reservoirs during the winding-down of star formation
• The origin of the escape of Lyman alpha and ionizing photons in Lyman Continuum Emitters
• A Review of Recent Observations of Galactic Winds Driven by Star Formation
• Photoionization Models for the Semi-Forbidden C III] 1909 Emission in Star-Forming Galaxies
• Predictions for the Angular Dependence of Gas Mass Flow Rate and Metallicity in the Circumgalactic Medium
• Hot Atmospheres, Cold Gas, AGN Feedback and the Evolution of Early Type Galaxies: a Topical Perspective
• Shocked Superwinds from the z~2 Clumpy Star-forming Galaxy, ZC406690
• AEGIS: Demographics of X-ray and Optically Selected AGNs
• Galaxy-wide outflows in z$\sim$1.5 luminous obscured QSOs revealed through NIR slit-resolved spectroscopy
• The HETDEX Pilot Survey V: The Physical Origin of Lyman-alpha Emitters Probed by Near-infrared Spectroscopy
• Optically-Thin Spatially-Resolved Mg II Emission Maps the Escape of Ionizing Photons
• Predictions for the spatial distribution of the dust continuum emission in 1<z<5 star-forming galaxies
• Nuclear Outflow of the Milky Way: Studying the Kinematics and Spatial Extent of the Northern Fermi Bubble
• A kiloparsec view of a typical star-forming galaxy when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old. Part I. Outflow, halo, and interstellar medium properties
• Feedback reshapes the baryon distribution within haloes, in halo outskirts, and beyond: the closure radius from dwarfs to massive clusters
• COS-Burst: Observations of the Impact of Starburst-Driven Winds on the Properties of the Circum-Galactic Medium
• Do galaxies that leak ionizing photons have extreme outflows?
• JADES: The incidence rate and properties of galactic outflows in low-mass galaxies across 3 < z < 9
• Observing the End of Cold Flow Accretion using Halo Absorption Systems
• Expanded haloes, abundance matching and too-big-to-fail in the Local Group
• New Perspective on Galaxy Outflows From the First Detection of Both Intrinsic and Traverse Metal-Line Absorption
• EVLA Observations of Galactic Supernova Remnants: Wide-field Continuum and Spectral-index Imaging
• The SINS Survey: Broad Emission Lines in High-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Cosmic Evolution of the Metallicity Distribution of Ionized Gas Traced by Lyman Limit Systems
• CLASSY III: The Properties of Starburst-Driven Warm Ionized Outflows
• Transverse Sizes of CIV Absorption Systems Measured from Multiple QSO Sightlines
• Feedback in low-mass galaxies in the early Universe
• The properties of the cool circumgalactic gas probed with the SDSS, WISE and GALEX surveys
• JWST Reveals Widespread AGN-Driven Neutral Gas Outflows in Massive z ~ 2 Galaxies
• The Clustering of MgII Absorption Systems at z=0.5 and Detection of Cold Gas in Massive Halos
• A Semi-Analytical Line Transfer (SALT) model to interpret the spectra of galaxy outflows
• MC${}^2$: Boosted AGN and star-formation activity in CIZA J2242.8+5301, a massive post-merger cluster at z=0.19
• Minor vs Major Mergers: The Stellar Mass Growth of Massive Galaxies from z=3 using Number Density Selection Techniques
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) VIII. Discovery of a MgII emission halo probed by a quasar sightline
• The VLT SINFONI Mg ii Program for Line Emitters (SIMPLE) II: background quasars probing z $\sim$ 1 galactic winds
• Being KLEVER at cosmic noon: ionised gas outflows are inconspicuous in low-mass star-forming galaxies but prominent in massive AGN hosts
• Low-metallicity Absorbers Account for Half of the Dense Circumgalactic Gas at z < 1
• Deep CO(1-0) Observations of z=1.62 Cluster Galaxies with Substantial Molecular Gas Reservoirs and Normal Star Formation Efficiencies
• Observational signatures of a warped disk associated with cold-flow accretion
• A study of the circum-galactic medium at z ~ 0.6 using DLA-galaxies
• Incidence, scaling relations and physical conditions of ionised gas outflows in MaNGA
• Ubiquitous Molecular Outflows in z > 4 Massive, Dusty Galaxies I. Sample Overview and Clumpy Structure in Molecular Outflows on 500pc Scales
• A deep search for metals near redshift 7: the line-of-sight towards ULAS J1120+0641
• Spatially Extended NaI D Resonant Emission and Absorption in the Galactic Wind of the Nearby Infrared-Luminous Quasar F05189-2524
• Ubiquitous Molecular Outflows in z > 4 Massive, Dusty Galaxies II. Momentum-Driven Winds Powered by Star Formation in the Early Universe
• HST/COS Observations of Ionized Gas Accretion at the Disk-halo Interface of M33
• The Physics of Galactic Winds Driven by Cosmic Rays II: Isothermal Streaming Solutions
• The Production of Cold Gas Within Galaxy Outflows
• Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope Detection of HI 21 cm Emission from Star-forming Galaxies at $z\approx 1.3$
• AGN feedback in a galaxy merger: Multi-phase, galaxy-scale outflows including a fast molecular gas blob ~6 kpc away from IRAS F08572+3915
• The cold circumgalactic medium in emission: MgII halos in TNG50
• Assessing the sources of reionisation: a spectroscopic case study of a 30$\times$ lensed galaxy at $z\sim 5$ with Lyα, CIV, MgII, and [NeIII]
• The Mice at play in the CALIFA survey: A case study of a gas-rich major merger between first passage and coalescence
• Metals in the z~3 intergalactic medium: results from an ultra-high signal-to-noise ratio UVES quasar spectrum
• The extent of the MgII absorbing circum-galactic medium of quasars
• The Relationship Between Galaxy ISM and Circumgalactic Gas Metallicities
• Catastrophic Cooling in Superwinds: Line Emission and Non-equilibrium Ionization
• A gravitationally-boosted MUSE survey for emission-line galaxies at z>~5 behind the massive cluster RCS 0224
• Star-forming galaxies as the origin of the IceCube PeV neutrinos
• The connection between galactic outflows and the escape of ionizing photons
• Lyman alpha and Lyman continuum emission of MgII-selected star-forming galaxies
• The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey: VII. FeII* Emission in Star-Forming Galaxies
• Ionized gas kinematics and chemical abundances of low-mass star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 3$
• The DUVET Survey: Resolved Maps of Star Formation Driven Outflows in a Compact, Starbursting Disk Galaxy
• The Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS). (IV): Exploring Ionized Gas Outflows in Central Kiloparsec Regions of GATOS Seyferts
• Arkenstone I: A Novel Method for Robustly Capturing High Specific Energy Outflows In Cosmological Simulations
• On the cosmic evolution of the specific star formation rate
• ALMACAL III: A combined ALMA and MUSE Survey for Neutral, Molecular, and Ionised Gas in an HI-Absorption-Selected System
• Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Molecular Clouds Regulated by Radiation Feedback Forces II: Radiation-Gas Interactions and Outflows
• Feeding the fire: Tracing the mass-loading of 10^7 K galactic outflows with O VI absorption
• From Nuclear to Circumgalactic: Zooming in on AGN-Driven Outflows at z~2.2 with SINFONI
• Metal line emission from galaxy haloes at z~1
• Galactic outflow and diffuse gas properties at z>=1 using different baryonic feedback models
• The Geometry of Cold, Metal-Enriched Gas Around Galaxies at $z\sim 1.2$
• The gamma-ray / infrared luminosity correlation of star-forming galaxies
• Lyman Alpha and MgII as Probes of Galaxies and their Environments
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) IV: A two sightline tomography of a galactic wind
• The Circumgalactic Medium of Extreme Emission Line Galaxies at z ~ 2: Resolved Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer Modeling of Spatially Extended Lyman-alpha Emission in the KBSS-KCWI Survey
• Gas outflows in two recently quenched galaxies at z = 4 and 7
• Large-scale environment of z~5.7 CIV absorption systems I: projected distribution of galaxies
• The interstellar medium and feedback in the progenitors of the compact passive galaxies at z~2
• Atomic Gas Scaling Relations of Star-forming Galaxies at $z\approx 1$
• Large-scale environment of $z\sim 5.7$ CIV absorption systems -II. Spectroscopy of Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters
• A decrease of the gas exchanges between galaxies and the IGM, from 12 to 6 billion years ago
• The Low-Redshift Lyman Continuum Survey: Optically Thin and Thick Mg II Lines as Probes of Lyman Continuum Escape
• An exquisitely deep view of quenching galaxies through the gravitational lens: Stellar population, morphology, and ionized gas
• Atomic Gas Dominates the Baryonic Mass of Star-forming Galaxies at $z\approx 1.3$
• Project AMIGA: A Minimal Covering Factor for Optically Thick Circumgalactic Gas Around the Andromeda Galaxy
• The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope Cold-HI AT $z\approx 1$ Survey
• A far-IR view of the starburst driven superwind in NGC 2146
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the difference between ionised gas and stellar velocity dispersions
• Determining the Halo Mass Scale where Galaxies Lose Their Gas
• Rest-frame UV Properties of Luminous Strong Gravitationally Lensed Ly$\alpha$ Emitters from the BELLS GALLERY Survey
• On the lack of correlation between Mg II 2796, 2803 Angstrom and Lyman alpha emission in lensed star-forming galaxies
• Incidence of HI 21-cm absorption in strong FeII systems at $0.5<z<1.5$
• Directly tracing cool filamentary accretion over >100 kpc into the interstellar medium of a quasar host at z=1
• The comoving mass density of MgII from $z\sim 2$ to $5.5$
• Satellite galaxies in groups in the CIELO Project I. Gas removal from galaxies and its re-distribution in the intragroup medium
• Kinematics, Structure, and Mass Outflow Rates of Extreme Starburst Galactic Outflows
• Feedback by supermassive black holes in galaxy evolution: impacts of accretion and outflows on the star formation rate
• Properties of the interstellar medium in star-forming galaxies at redshifts 2 < z < 5 from the VANDELS survey
• [O II] nebular emission from Mg II absorbers: Star formation associated with the absorbing gas
• The gas inflow and outflow rate in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.4$
• Non-equilibrium Ionization States Within Galactic Outflows: Explaining Their O VI and N V Column Densities
• Probing Outflows in z= 1~2 Galaxies through FeII/FeII* Multiplets
• The Anatomy of a Turbulent Radiative Mixing Layer: Insights from an Analytic Model with Turbulent Conduction and Viscosity
• Atomic hydrogen scaling relations at $z\approx 0.35$
• Signatures of inflowing gas in red geyser galaxies hosting radio-AGN
• Bursting Bubbles: Clustered Supernova Feedback in Local and High-redshift Galaxies
• A 30 kpc Spatially Extended Clumpy and Asymmetric Galactic Outflow at z $\sim$ 1.7
• The MOSDEF-LRIS Survey: Connection between Galactic-scale Outflows and the Properties of $z$~2 star-forming Galaxies
• Hamilton's Object -- a clumpy galaxy straddling the gravitational caustic of a galaxy cluster : Constraints on dark matter clumping
• X-shooter Observations of the Gravitational Lens System CASSOWARY 5
• Connecting Galactic Outflows and Star Formation: Inferences from H-alpha Maps and Absorption Line Spectroscopy at 1 < z < 1.5
• Host Galaxies of Ultra Strong Mg II absorbers at z $\sim$ 0.5
• Using Artificial Neural Networks to Constrain the Halo Baryon Fraction during Reionization
• Evidence for galaxy quenching in the green valley caused by a lack of a circumgalactic medium
• Spectroscopy of CASSOWARY gravitationally-lensed galaxies in SDSS: characterisation of an extremely bright reionization-era analog at $z=1.42$
• High-velocity outflows persist up to 1 Gyr after a starburst in recently-quenched galaxies at z > 1
• Disentangling the multi-phase circumgalactic medium shared between a dwarf and a massive star-forming galaxy at z~0.4
• Dust Survival in Galactic Winds
• Cosmic-Ray Driven Galactic Winds from the Warm Interstellar Medium
• Gas around galaxy haloes: methodology comparisons using hydrodynamical simulations of the intergalactic medium
• Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey: Radio continuum properties of low-$z$ Lyman continuum emitters
• Galaxy Pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey XV: Properties of Ionised Outflows
• MOSFIRE and LDSS3 Spectroscopy for an [OII] Blob at z=1.18: Gas Outflow and Energy Source
• Hadronic Interactions of Energetic Charged Particles in Protogalactic Outflow Environments and Implications for the Early Evolution of Galaxies
• Feedback and dynamical masses in high-$z$ galaxies: the advent of high-resolution NIRSpec spectroscopy
• Metal content of the circumgalactic medium around star-forming galaxies at z $\sim$ 2.6 as revealed by the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey
• The nature of Damped Lyman-α and MgII absorbers explored with their dust contents
• The MOSDEF-LRIS Survey: Detection of Inflowing Gas Towards Three Star-forming Galaxies at z ~ 2
• On the Cosmic Evolution of Fe/Mg in QSO Absorption Line Systems
• A VLT/FORS2 Narrowband Imaging Search for MgII Emission Around z ~ 0.7 Galaxies
• A galactic outflow traced by its extended Mg II emission out to a $\sim 30$ kpc radius in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field with MUSE
• HI Imaging of a Blueberry Galaxy Suggests a Merger Origin
• The Baltimore Oriole's Nest: Cool Winds from the Inner and Outer Parts of a Star-Forming Galaxy at z=1.3
• Transonic galactic outflows in a dark matter halo with a central black hole and its application to the Sombrero galaxy
• A Sub-Damped Ly$\alpha$ Absorber with Unusual Abundances: Evidence of Gas Recycling in a Low-Redshift Galaxy Group
• Interpreting the relation between the gamma-ray and infrared luminosities of star-forming galaxies
• Constraint on the inflow/outflow rates in star-forming galaxies at z~1.4 from molecular gas observations
• Braving the Storm: Quantifying Disk-wide Ionized Outflows in the Large Magellanic Cloud with ULLYSES
• Probing the circumgalactic medium of active galactic nuclei with background quasars
• Evolution of Gas Flows along the Starburst to Post-Starburst to Quiescent Galaxy Sequence
• A Simulated Galaxy Laboratory: Exploring the Observational Effects on UV Spectral Absorption Line Measurements
• MUSE Analysis of Gas around Galaxies (MAGG) -- VI. The cool and enriched gas environment of z$\gtrsim$3 Ly$\alpha$ emitters
• Massive Galaxies Impede Massive Outflows
• Pair Lines of Sight Observations of Multiphase Gas Bearing O VI in a Galaxy Environment
• Exploring the environment, magnetic fields, and feedback effects of massive high-redshift galaxies with [CII]
• Fluorescent C II* 1335A emission spectroscopically resolved in a galaxy at z = 5.754
• The inflow and outflow rate evolution of local Milky Way-mass star-forming galaxies since z=1.3
• Extreme Neutral Outflow in a non-AGN Quiescent Galaxy at z~1.3
• Probing neutral outflows in z ~ 2 galaxies using JWST observations of Ca II H and K absorption lines
• Dust Evolution in Simulated Multiphase Galactic Outflows
• Revisiting the Galactic Winds in M82 II: Development of Multiphase Outflows in Simulations
• Neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts: propagation of cosmic rays in their host galaxies
• Ultra-strong MgII absorbers trace both inflowing and outflowing gas: insights from dual down-the-barrel and quasar sightlines
• The AURORA Survey: Tracing Galactic Outflows at $z\gtrsim 2.5$ with JWST/NIRSpec NUV Absorption Lines
• The Lockman-SpReSO project. Galactic flows in a sample of far-infrared galaxies
• The large-scale distribution of ionized metals in IllustrisTNG
• How far have metals reached? Reconciling statistical constraints and enrichment models at reionization
• Probing possible effects of circumgalactic media on the metal content of galaxies through the mass-metallicity relationship
• A z$\sim$1 galactic-scale outflow transversally mapped to $\sim$50 kpc through gravitational-arc tomography
• The stellar population of a $z\sim 3.25$ Ly$\alpha$ emitting group associated with a damped Ly$\alpha$ absorber
• The MUSE Ultra Deep Field (MUDF) VIII. The cool gas distribution surrounding galaxies at redshifts z ~ 0.5-2