The effect of the environment on the gas kinematics and the structure of distant galaxies

Abstract

With the aim of distinguishing between possible physical mechanisms acting on galaxies when they fall into clusters, we study the properties of the gas and the stars in a sample of 422 emission-line galaxies from EDisCS in different environments up to z~1. We identify galaxies with kinematical disturbances (from emission-lines in their 2D spectra) and find that they are more frequent in clusters than in the field. The fraction of kinematically-disturbed galaxies increases with cluster velocity dispersion and decreases with distance from the cluster centre, but remains constant with projected galaxy density. We also studied morphological disturbances in the stellar light from HST/F814W images, finding that the fraction of morphologically disturbed galaxies is similar in all environments. Moreover, there is little correlation between the presence of kinematically-disturbed gas and morphological distortions. We also study the dependence of the Tully-Fisher relation, star formation, and extent of the emission on environment, and conclude that the gas disks in cluster galaxies have been truncated, and therefore their star formation is more concentrated than in low-density environments. If spirals transform into S0s, our findings imply that the physical mechanism transforming cluster galaxies efficiently disturbs the star-forming gas and reduces their specific star formation rate. Moreover, this star-forming gas is either removed more efficiently from the outskirts of the galaxies or is driven towards the centre (or both), helping to build the bulges of S0s. These results, in addition to the finding that the transformation mechanism does not seem to induce strong morphological disturbances on the galaxies, suggest that the physical processes involved are related to the intracluster medium, with galaxy-galaxy interactions playing only a limited role in clusters.

26 pages (plus small appendix), 21 Figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. v2: typos corrected; references added; and minor changes in tables and plots to include a few missing data points; results and conclusions unchanged; v3: corrected typos in the labels of 3 plots; v4: typo in the label of Figure 18 corrected

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• BUDHIES V: The baryonic Tully-Fisher relation at z=0.2 based on direct HI detections
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• The effect of the environment on the structure, morphology and star-formation history of intermediate-redshift galaxies
• The evolution of galaxy scaling relations in clusters at 0.5<z<1.5
• Mapping the working of environmental effects in A963
• Environmental effects on galaxy evolution. II: quantifying the tidal features in NIR-images of the cluster Abell 85
• Star formation concentration as a tracer of environmental quenching in action: a study of the Eagle and C-Eagle simulations
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• Spectroscopy of Luminous Compact Blue Galaxies in Distant Clusters II. Physical Properties of dE Progenitor Candidates