The remnants of galaxy formation from a panoramic survey of the region around M31

Abstract

In hierarchical cosmological models, galaxies grow in mass through the continual accretion of smaller ones. The tidal disruption of these systems is expected to result in loosely bound stars surrounding the galaxy, at distances that reach $10-100$ times the radius of the central disk. The number, luminosity and morphology of the relics of this process provide significant clues to galaxy formation history, but obtaining a comprehensive survey of these components is difficult because of their intrinsic faintness and vast extent. Here we report a panoramic survey of the Andromeda galaxy (M31). We detect stars and coherent structures that are almost certainly remnants of dwarf galaxies destroyed by the tidal field of M31. An improved census of their surviving counterparts implies that three-quarters of M31's satellites brighter than $M_V<-6$ await discovery. The brightest companion, Triangulum (M33), is surrounded by a stellar structure that provides persuasive evidence for a recent encounter with M31. This panorama of galaxy structure directly confirms the basic tenets of the hierarchical galaxy formation model and reveals the shared history of M31 and M33 in the unceasing build-up of galaxies.

Published in Nature. Supplementary movie available at https://www.astrosci.ca/users/alan/PANDAS/Latest%20news%3A%20movie%20of%20orbit.html

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• Dwarf Galaxy Discoveries from the KMTNet Supernova Program II. The NGC 3585 Group and Its Dynamical State
• Is there a disk of satellites around the Milky Way?
• On the Edge: the relation between stellar and dark matter haloes of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• NGC 147, NGC 185 and CassII: a genetic approach to orbital properties, star formation and tidal debris
• A survey for dwarf galaxy remnants around fourteen globular clusters in the outer halo
• The Stellar Archeology of the M33 Disk: Recent Star-Forming History and Constraints on the Timing of an Interaction with M31
• Stellar substructures in the solar neighbourhood. I. Kinematic group 3 in the Geneva-Copenhagen survey
• A Search for Planetary Nebulae With the SDSS: the outer regions of M31
• The Tucana dwarf spheroidal: a distant backsplash galaxy of M31?
• Statistical properties of substructures around Milky Way-sized haloes and their implications for the formation of stellar streams
• Identifying High Metallicity M Giants at Intragroup Distances with SDSS
• Towards Studying Hierarchical Assembly in Real Time: A Milky Way Progenitor Galaxy at z = 2.36 under the Microscope
• Hide and seek between Andromeda's halo, disk, and giant stream
• Tracing the Metal-Poor M31 Stellar Halo with Blue Horizontal Branch Stars
• Major Substructure in the M31 Outer Halo: the East Cloud
• No sign (yet) of intergalactic globular clusters in the Local Group
• Systematic differences in simple stellar population model results: Application to the M31 globular-like cluster system
• Cool Dust in the Outer Ring of NGC 1291
• Observing the stellar halo of Andromeda in cosmological simulations: the Auriga2PAndAS pipeline
• [CI], [CII] and CO emission lines as a probe for alpha variations at low and high redshifts
• Prospects for Detecting Gaps in Globular Cluster Stellar Streams in External Galaxies with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• Dense gas tracing the collisional past of Andromeda. An atypical inner region?
• Jeans that fit: weighing the mass of the Milky Way analogues in the $\Lambda \mathrm{CDM}$ universe
• Tidal features and disc thicknesses of edge-on galaxies in the SDSS Stripe 82
• The nature of the progenitor of the M31 North-western stream: globular clusters as milestones of its orbit
• Revealing the character of orbits in a binary system consisting of a primary galaxy and a satellite companion
• Lick Indices and Spectral Energy Distribution Analysis based on an M31 Star Cluster Sample: Comparisons of Methods and Models
• Mirach's Goblin: Discovery of a dwarf spheroidal galaxy behind the Andromeda galaxy
• Stellar Tidal Streams in External Galaxies
• The spatial distribution of satellites in galaxy clusters
• Metallicities of Outer Halo M31 Globular Clusters from Integrated Light Calcium-II Triplet Spectroscopy
• Low Surface Brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy's properties and environment
• Stellar substructures in the solar neighbourhood IV. Kinematic Group 1 in the Geneva-Copenhagen survey
• The Chemodynamics of the Stellar Populations in M31 from APOGEE Integrated Light Spectroscopy
• Leaves on trees: identifying halo stars with extreme gradient boosted trees
• Impact of Cosmological Satellites on Stellar Discs: Dissecting One Satellite at a Time
• On the origin of the asymmetric dwarf galaxy distribution around Andromeda
• A Dwarf Disrupting -- Andromeda XXVII and the North West Stream
• A catalogue of H$\alpha$ emission-line point sources in the vicinity fields of M31 and M33 from the LAMOST survey
• The Smallest Scale of Hierarchy Survey (SSH). II. Extended star formation and bar-like features in the dwarf galaxy NGC 3741: recent merger or ongoing gas accretion?
• The Isophotal Structure of Star-forming Galaxies at $0.5<z<1.8$ in CANDELS: Implications for the Evolution of Galaxy Structure
• The Smallest Scale of Hierarchy Survey (SSH). I. Survey Description
• Extended Stellar Components of Galaxies & the Nature of Dark Matter
• Resolved Stellar Populations as Tracers of Outskirts
• A deep narrowband survey for planetary nebulae at the outskirts of M33
• Population gradients and photometric metallicities in early- and transition-type dwarf galaxies: Clues from the Sculptor group
• Identification of new M31 star cluster candidates from PAndAS images using convolutional neural networks
• A Detection of Gas Associated with the M 31 Stellar Stream
• Future Prospects: Deep Imaging of Galaxy Outskirts using Telescopes Large and Small
• The kinematics of globular clusters systems in the outer halos of the Aquarius simulations
• Mass Modeling the Andromeda Dwarf Galaxies: Andromeda VI and Andromeda XXIII
• M31 circum-nuclear region: a molecular survey with the IRAM-interferometer
• Major mergers with small galaxies - the discovery of a Magellanic-type galaxy at z=0.12
• Tracing the Giant Outer Halo of the Mysterious Massive Disk Galaxy M104 I. Photometry of the Extended Globular Cluster Systems
• The Hierarchical Structure of Galactic Haloes: Classification and characterisation with Halo-OPTICS
• Comparisons of Different Fitting Methods for the Physical Parameters of A Star Cluster Sample of M33 with Spectroscopy and Photometry
• More satellites around the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 7331
• The Bulge of M31
• The X-ray Transient 2XMMi J003833.3+402133: A Candidate Magnetar at High Galactic Latitude
• Flattening of dark matter cusps during mergers: model of M31
• The survey of planetary nebulae in Andromeda (M31) VII. Predictions of a major merger simulation model compared with chemodynamical data of the disc and inner halo substructures
• Structural and Photometric Properties of the Andromeda Satellite Dwarf Galaxy Lacerta I from Deep Imaging with WIYN pODI
• Enhancements to velocity-dependent dark matter interactions from tidal streams and shells in the Andromeda galaxy
• A Differential RR Lyrae Line-of-Sight Distance Between M31 and M33
• The outskirts of M33: Tidally induced distortions versus signatures of gas accretion
• The Chemodynamical Nature of the Triangulum-Andromeda Overdensity
• Tomography of stellar halos: what does anisotropy in a stellar halo tell us?
• The nature of the Eastern Extent in the outer halo of M31
• Architecture of the Andromeda: a quantitative analysis of clustering in the inner stellar halo
• Structural Parameters for Globular Clusters in the Outer Halo of M31
• One Stream or Two -- Exploring Andromeda's North West Stream
• Satellites in the Local Group and Other Nearby Groups
• The kinematical center and mass profile of the Local Group
• The extended disc and halo of the Andromeda galaxy observed with Spitzer-IRAC
• The dynamics of Andromeda's dwarf galaxies and stellar streams
• Revisiting the Proper Motions of M31 and M33 Using Massive Supergiant Stars with Gaia DR3
• Resolving the extended stellar halos of nearby galaxies: the wide-field PISCeS survey
• Metallicity and kinematical clues to the formation of the Local Group
• The Discovery and Origin of A Very-High Velocity Cloud Toward M33
• Galaxies OBserved as Low-luminosity Identified Nebulae (GOBLIN): a catalog of 43,000 high-probability dwarf galaxy candidates in the UNIONS survey
• Accreted stars and stellar haloes of simulated galaxies in TNG50
• Milky Way globular cluster dynamics: are they preferentially co-rotating?
• Central kiloparsec region of Andromeda. I. Dynamical modelling
• Probing the spatial and velocity anisotropies in stellar halos from the Aquarius simulations
• The survey of Planetary Nebulae in Andromeda (M31): I. Imaging the disk and halo with MegaCam@CFHT
• Variable Stars in M31 Stellar Clusters from the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury
• Recent Results from SPLASH: Chemical Abundances and Kinematics of Andromeda's Stellar Halo
• Properties of the Lower Segment of M31's North West Stream
• The Exploration of Local VolumE Satellites (ELVES) Survey: A Nearly Volume-Limited Sample of Nearby Dwarf Satellite Systems
• Tidal Structures Around Edge-On Galaxies in Deep Imaging Surveys
• Integrated Spectroscopy of Extragalactic Globular Clusters
• walter: A Tool for Predicting Resolved Stellar Population Observations with Applications to the Roman Space Telescope
• Pisces VII: Discovery of a possible satellite of Messier 33 in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
• Chemical Abundances of Seven Outer Halo M31 Globular Clusters from the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey
• COSTA: the COld STream finder Algorithm. Searching for kinematical substructures in the phase space of discrete tracers