The Triangulum Extended (TREX) Survey: The Stellar Disk Dynamics of M33 as a Function of Stellar Age

Abstract

Triangulum, M33, is a low mass, relatively undisturbed spiral galaxy that offers a new regime in which to test models of dynamical heating. In spite of its proximity, the dynamical heating history of M33 has not yet been well constrained. In this work, we present the TREX Survey, the largest stellar spectroscopic survey across the disk of M33. We present the stellar disk kinematics as a function of age to study the past and ongoing dynamical heating of M33. We measure line of sight velocities for ~4,500 disk stars. Using a subset, we divide the stars into broad age bins using Hubble Space Telescope and Canada-France-Hawaii-Telescope photometric catalogs: massive main sequence stars and helium burning stars (~80 Myr), intermediate mass asymptotic branch stars (~1 Gyr), and low mass red giant branch stars (~4 Gyr). We compare the stellar disk dynamics to that of the gas using existing HI, CO, and Halpha kinematics. We find that the disk of M33 has relatively low velocity dispersion (~16 km/s), and unlike in the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, there is no strong trend in velocity dispersion as a function of stellar age. The youngest disk stars are as dynamically hot as the oldest disk stars and are dynamically hotter than predicted by most M33 like low mass simulated analogs in Illustris. The velocity dispersion of the young stars is highly structured, with the large velocity dispersion fairly localized. The cause of this high velocity dispersion is not evident from the observations and simulated analogs presented here.

arXiv comment27 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables

References in corpus (85)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
• The Astropy Project: Building an inclusive, open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package
• Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Parameter Results
• PARSEC: stellar tracks and isochrones with the PAdova and TRieste Stellar Evolution Code
• Populating a cluster of galaxies - I. Results at z=0
• E pur si muove: Galiliean-invariant cosmological hydrodynamical simulations on a moving mesh
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: matter and galaxy clustering
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the stellar mass content of groups and clusters of galaxies
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the galaxy color bimodality
• The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood: Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of 14,000 F and G dwarfs
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: A tale of two elements -- chemical evolution of magnesium and europium
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: radio haloes and magnetic fields
• Substructures in hydrodynamical cluster simulations
• Radial Mixing in Galactic Discs
• A new generation of PARSEC-COLIBRI stellar isochrones including the TP-AGB phase
• The Kinematics of the Ultra-Faint Milky Way Satellites: Solving the Missing Satellite Problem
• The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Design, Observations, Data Reduction, and Redshifts
• How do galaxies populate Dark Matter halos?
• The Role of Pressure in GMC Formation II: The H_2 - Pressure Relation
• The remnants of galaxy formation from a panoramic survey of the region around M31
• The Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of the Solar neighbourhood III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury
• Breathing FIRE: How Stellar Feedback Drives Radial Migration, Rapid Size Fluctuations, and Population Gradients in Low-Mass Galaxies
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury X. Ultraviolet to Infrared Photometry of 117 Million Equidistant Stars
• MegaPipe: the MegaCam image stacking pipeline at the Canadian Astronomical Data Centre
• The Milky Way's rotation curve out to 100 kpc and its constraint on the Galactic mass distribution
• The large-scale structure of the halo of the Andromeda galaxy II. Hierarchical structure in the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey
• Geometry of Star-Forming Galaxies from SDSS, 3D-HST and CANDELS
• Molecular and Atomic Gas in the Local Group Galaxy M33
• Constraining the thick disc formation scenario of the Milky Way
• The WSRT wide-field HI survey: II. Local Group features
• Exploring Halo Substructure with Giant Stars X. Extended Dark Matter or Tidal Disruption?: The Case for the Leo I Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• A 2-3 billion year old major merger paradigm for the Andromeda galaxy and its outskirts
• The Andromeda galaxy's most important merger about 2 billion years ago as M32's likely progenitor
• The Detection of Inside-out Disk Growth in M33
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury XI: The Spatially-Resolved Recent Star Formation History of M31
• The Disruption and Fueling of M33
• Orbits of Massive Satellite Galaxies: I. A Close Look at the Large Magellanic Cloud and a New Orbital History for M33
• The Planetary Nebula System of M33
• On The Formation of Disk Galaxies and Massive Central Objects
• The DiskMass Survey. VI. Gas and stellar kinematics in spiral galaxies from PPak integral-field spectroscopy
• Feedback and the Formation of Dwarf Galaxy Stellar Halos
• Dissecting simulated disc galaxies II: the age-velocity relation
• First Gaia Dynamics of the Andromeda System: DR2 Proper Motions, Orbits, and Rotation of M31 and M33
• A New Method for Isolating M31 Red Giant Stars: The Discovery of Stars out to a Radial Distance of 165 Kiloparsecs
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: The Galactic anticentre
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury VIII: A Wide-Area, High-Resolution Map of Dust Extinction in M31
• Particularly Efficient Star Formation in M33
• The Oort Constants Measured from Proper Motions
• Evolution over time of the Milky Way's disc shape
• A clear age-velocity dispersion correlation in Andromeda's stellar disk
• Structure and Population of the Andromeda Stellar Halo from a Subaru/Suprime-Cam Survey
• Dynamical signatures of a LCDM-halo and the distribution of the baryons in M33
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury: Triangulum Extended Region (PHATTER) I. Ultraviolet to Infrared Photometry of 22 Million Stars in M33
• Kinematics of the local disk from the RAVE survey and the Gaia first data release
• Clustering of Local Group distances: publication bias or correlated measurements? II. M31 and beyond
• Planetary Nebulae in Face-On Spiral Galaxies. III. Planetary Nebula Kinematics and Disk Mass
• The intrinsic shapes of dwarf irregular galaxies
• The photometric properties of a vast stellar substructure in the outskirts of M33
• The Star Formation History in The Far Outer Disc of M33
• A New Approach to Detailed Structural Decomposition from the SPLASH and PHAT Surveys: Kicked-up Disk Stars in the Andromeda Galaxy?
• Kinematics of the Atomic ISM in M33 on 80 pc scales
• Orbits of massive satellite galaxies: II. Bayesian Estimates of the Milky Way and Andromeda masses using high precision astrometry and cosmological simulations
• The kinematic identification of a thick stellar disc in M31
• Kinematics and Mass Modeling of Messier 33: Halpha observations
• The SPLASH Survey: Kinematics of Andromeda's Inner Spheroid
• The DiskMass Survey. IV. The Dark-Matter-Dominated Galaxy UGC 463
• Resolving the Stellar Outskirts of M31 and M33
• Two major accretion epochs in M31 from two distinct populations of globular clusters
• A unified model for age-velocity dispersion relations in Local Group galaxies: Disentangling ISM turbulence and latent dynamical heating
• Dark satellites and the morphology of dwarf galaxies
• $\Lambda$CDM Predictions for the Satellite Population of M33
• The TREX Survey: Kinematical Complexity Throughout M33's Stellar Disk and Evidence for a Stellar Halo
• The high velocity stars in the Local Stellar Halo from Gaia and LAMOST
• A Spectroscopic and Photometric Exploration of the C/M Ratio in the Disk of M31
• Building the Stellar Halo Through Feedback in Dwarf Galaxies
• Asymmetric Drift in the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) as a Function of Stellar Age
• Tidally induced morphology of M33 in hydrodynamical simulations of its recent interaction with M31
• Carbon Stars in the Satellites and Halo of M31
• The local rotation curve of the Milky Way based on SEGUE and RAVE data
• Asymmetric Drift of Andromeda Analogs in the IllustrisTNG Simulation
• Anisotropy of random motions of gas in Messier 33

Cited by in corpus (8)

• Disk settling and dynamical heating: histories of Milky Way-mass stellar disks across cosmic time in the FIRE simulations
• Formation of Galactic Disks I: Why Did the Milky Way's Disk Form Unusually Early?
• The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. V: Satellite Galaxy Populations In A Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation of A Milky Way-mass Halo
• Multiwavelength Characterization of the High Mass X-ray Binary Population of M33
• Massive young stellar objects in the Local Group spiral galaxy M33 identified using machine learning
• The role of accreted and in situ populations in shaping the stellar halos of low-mass galaxies
• Star formation drivers across the M33 disk
• From gas to stars: MUSEings on the internal evolution of IC 1613