Metallicity Evolution of Damped Lyman-alpha Systems out to z~5

Abstract

We present chemical abundance measurements for 47 damped Lyman-alpha systems (DLAs), 30 at z>4, observed with the Echellette Spectrograph and Imager and the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer on the Keck telescopes. HI column densities of the DLAs are measured with Voigt profile fits to the Lyman-alpha profiles, and we find an increased number of false DLA identifications with SDSS at z>4 due to the increased density of the Lyman-alpha forest. Ionic column densities are determined using the apparent optical depth method, and we combine our new metallicity measurements with 195 from previous surveys to determine the evolution of the cosmic metallicity of neutral gas. We find the metallicity of DLAs decreases with increasing redshift, improving the significance of the trend and extending it to higher redshifts, with a linear fit of -0.22+-0.03 dex per unit redshift from z=0.09-5.06. The metallicity 'floor' of ~1/600 solar continues out to z~5, despite our sensitivity for finding DLAs with much lower metallicities. However, this floor is not statistically different from a steep tail to the distribution. We also find that the intrinsic scatter of metallicity among DLAs of ~0.5 dex continues out to z~5. In addition, the metallicity distribution and the alpha/Fe ratios of z>2 DLAs are consistent with being drawn from the same parent population with those of halo stars. It is therefore possible that the halo stars in the Milky Way formed out of gas that commonly exhibits DLA absorption at z>2.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. 24 pages, 17 figures

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• The chemical connection between damped Lyman-α systems and Local Group dwarf galaxies
• Metal-Enriched Neutral Gas Reservoir around a Strongly-lensed, Low-mass Galaxy at $z=4$ Identified by JWST/NIRISS and VLT/MUSE
• Chemical constraints on the contribution of Population III stars to cosmic reionization
• The Bimodal Absorption System Imaging Campaign (BASIC) I. A Dual Population of Low-metallicity Absorbers at z $<1$
• Statistical properties of Faraday rotation measure in external galaxies -- I: intervening disc galaxies
• Keck and VLT Observations of Super-damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers at z=2=2.5: Constraints on Chemical Compositions and Physical Conditions
• Oxygen-enhanced extremely metal-poor DLAs: A signpost of the first stars?
• Predominantly Low Metallicities Measured in a Stratified Sample of Lyman Limit Systems at z=3.7
• On the selection of damped Lyman alpha systems using MgII absorption at 2<z<4
• Damped Ly-alpha Absorbers in Star-forming Galaxies at z < 0.15 Detected with the Hubble Space Telescope and Implications for Galaxy Evolution
• A hyperluminous obscured quasar at a redshift of z ~ 4.3
• Resolving the HI in Damped Lyman-α systems that power star-formation
• Quasar Factor Analysis -- An Unsupervised and Probabilistic Quasar Continuum Prediction Algorithm with Latent Factor Analysis
• Asymmetric Absorption Profiles of Lyα and Lyβ in Damped Lyman Alpha Systems
• Gas Accretion in Star-Forming Galaxies
• Dissecting cold gas in a high-redshift galaxy using a lensed background quasar
• The Cosmological Bias Factor of Damped Lyman Alpha systems: Dependence on Metal Line Strength
• Evidence of Pop~III stars' chemical signature in neutral gas at z~6. A study based on the E-XQR-30 spectroscopic sample
• The most metal-rich damped Lyman alpha systems at z>1.5 I: The Data
• ALMA [CII] 158um imaging of an HI-Selected Major Merger at z~4
• Exploring binary black hole mergers and host galaxies with Shark and COMPAS
• Gamma-ray Bursts and the Early Star-formation History
• Element Abundances in a Gas-rich Galaxy at z = 5: Clues to the Early Chemical Enrichment of Galaxies
• Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope detection of two new HI 21cm absorbers at $z\approx 2$
• Universe opacity and CMB
• Sub-damped Lyman alpha systems in the XQ-100 survey II -- Chemical evolution at 2.4<z<4.3
• Quasar 2175 Å dust absorbers II: Correlation analysis and relationship with other absorption line systems
• The ultra-long GRB 220627A at z=3.08
• A coronagraphic absorbing cloud reveals the narrow-line region and extended Lyman-$\alpha$ emission of QSO J0823+0529
• A Long Stream of Metal-Poor Cool Gas around a Massive Starburst Galaxy at z = 2.67
• High-redshift Damped Ly-alpha Absorbing Galaxy Model Reproducing the N(HI)-Z Distribution
• Metal-enriched Galaxies in the First ~1 Billion Years: Evidence of a Smooth Metallicity Evolution at z ~ 5
• Cosmological evolution of the absorption of $\gamma$-ray burst X-ray afterglows
• Direct-method metallicity gradients derived from spectral stacking with SDSS-IV MaNGA
• The Ly$\alpha$ emission from high-$z$ galaxies hosting strong Damped Ly$\alpha$ systems
• The ESO UVES Advanced Data Products Quasar Sample - IV. On the deficiency of Argon in DLA systems
• Understanding the progenitor formation galaxies of merging binary black holes
• The nature of H{\sc i}-absorption-selected galaxies at $z\approx 4$
• GalICS 2.1: a new semianalytic model for cold accretion, cooling, feedback and their roles in galaxy formation
• A statistical measurement of the HI spin temperature in DLAs at cosmological distances
• Establishing an analogue population for the most distant galaxies
• Towards ultra metal-poor DLAs: linking the chemistry of the most metal-poor DLA to the first stars
• A ~6 Mpc overdensity at z = 2.7 detected along a pair of quasar sight lines: filament or protocluster?
• Testing Galaxy Formation Simulations with Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ Abundance and Metallicity Evolution
• The Third Data Release of the KODIAQ Survey
• Merger rate density of stellar-mass binary black holes from young massive clusters, open clusters, and isolated binaries: comparisons with LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA results
• VLT/UVES observations of peculiar alpha abundances in a sub-DLA at z ~ 1.8 towards the quasar B1101-26
• Deciphering stellar metallicities in the early Universe: Case study of a young galaxy at z = 4.77 in the MUSE eXtremely Deep Field
• The Distribution of Star Formation and Metals in the Low Surface Brightness Galaxy UGC 628
• A search for H$\alpha$ emission in high-metallicity damped Lyman-$\alpha$ systems at $z\sim 2.4$
• Discovery of a Damped Lya Absorber at z = 3.3 along a galaxy sight-line in the SSA22 field
• Dust depletion of Ca and Ti in QSO absorption line systems
• A possible connection between the spin temperature of damped Lyman-alpha absorption systems and star formation history
• The nature of Damped Lyman-α and MgII absorbers explored with their dust contents
• Discovery of a Damped Ly-alpha System in a Low-z Galaxy Group: Possible Evidence for Gas Inflow and Nuclear Star Formation
• Gas Accretion via Lyman Limit Systems
• Probing the assembly of dwarf galaxies through cosmic time with damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption spectroscopy
• A survey of Ly$\alpha$ emission around Damped Ly$\alpha$ absorbers at $z\approx 2$ with the Keck Cosmic Web Imager
• The gas and stellar mass of low-redshift damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers
• A Massive, Dusty HI-Absorption-Selected Galaxy at $z\approx 2.46$ Identified in a CO Emission Survey
• Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers and atomic hydrogen in galaxies: the view of the GAEA model
• Tracing the 10${}^7$K Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium with UV absorption lines
• Empirical Constraints on Core Collapse Supernova Yields using Very Metal Poor Damped Lyman Alpha Absorbers
• A Search for Boron in Damped Lyα Systems
• X-ray and Sunyaev-Zeldovich properties of the WHIM
• Discovery of a Low-Redshift Damped Ly$\alpha$ System in a Foreground Extended Disk Using a Starburst Galaxy Background Illuminator
• A Sub-Damped Ly$\alpha$ Absorber with Unusual Abundances: Evidence of Gas Recycling in a Low-Redshift Galaxy Group
• Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars in the Nearby Dwarf Galaxy Leo P
• Chemical diversity of gas in distant galaxies: The metal and dust enrichment and variations within absorbing galaxies
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes IX: Morphologies and Stellar Properties of Gas-rich Galaxies
• Investigation of the Prompt SNe Ia progenitor nature through the analysis of the chemical composition of globular clusters and circumgalactic clouds
• Keck/OSIRIS IFU Detection of a z $\sim$ 3 Damped Lyman Alpha Host Galaxy
• Population Synthesis of Black Hole Binaries with Compact Star Companions
• A Ghost in Boötes: The Least Luminous Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy
• Potential contributions of Pop III and intermediate-mass Pop II stars to cosmic chemical enrichment
• Exploring Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ System Host Galaxies using Gamma-ray Bursts
• A limit on Planck-scale froth with ESPRESSO
• The Diversity of Metal-Enrichment and Abundance Patterns at High Redshift: A Magellan Survey of Gas-rich Galaxies Traced by Damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers at z~5
• A metal-line strength indicator for Damped Lyman Alpha (DLA) systems at low signal-to-noise
• A survey of extremely metal-poor gas at cosmic noon: evidence of elevated [O/Fe]
• Cold-mode and hot-mode accretion in galaxy formation: an entropy approach
• KBSS-InCLOSE I: Design and First Results from the Inner CGM of QSO Line Of Sight Emitting Galaxies at z~2-3
• A [CII]-158-micron Survey of DLA galaxies at z~4: Observations of Dense and Metal-Enriched Neutral Gas within the Circumgalactic Medium of Star-Forming Galaxies
• On the Metallicities and Kinematics of the Circumgalactic Media of Damped Ly$\alpha$ Systems at $z\sim 2.5$
• The Qz5 Survey (I): How the HI Mass Density of the Universe Evolves With Cosmic Time
• Discovery of a damped Ly$\alpha$ galaxy at z $\sim$ 3 towards the quasar SDSS J011852+040644
• Constraints on the gas masses of low-z damped Lyman-$\alpha$ systems
• An optimal envelope ejection efficiency for merging neutron stars
• ALMA band 8 observations of DLA2233+131 at z=3.150
• Physical conditions in high$-$z optically thin C III absorbers: Origin of cloud sizes and associated correlations
• Silicon and iron dust in gamma-ray burst host galaxy absorbers
• A high-redshift quasar absorber without CIV - a galactic outflow caught in the act?
• Physical conditions and redshift evolution of optically thin C III absorbers: Low-z sample
• Discovery of three new near-pristine absorption clouds at $z=2.6$-4.4
• Metals and a Search for Molecules in the Distant Universe: Magellan MIKE Observations of sub-DLAs at 2<z<3
• GRB host galaxies with strong H${}_2$ absorption: CO-dark molecular gas at the peak of cosmic star formation
• Rapid Response Mode observations of GRB 160203A: Looking for fine-structure line variability at z=3.52
• Star-Formation in Neutral Hydrogen Gas Reservoirs at Cosmic Noon
• First joint absorption and T${}_e$-based metallicity measured in a GRB host galaxy at $z=4.28$ using JWST/NIRSpec
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes XIII. Molecular gas in $z\sim 0.5$ HI-selected galaxies
• Constraining the Size of the Circumgalactic Medium Using the Transverse Autocorrelation Function of C IV Absorbers in Paired Quasar Spectra
• The evolution of relative frequencies of ONe and CO SNe Ia
• Modelling intergalactic low ionisation metal absorption line systems near the epoch of reionization