A direct dynamical measurement of the Milky Way's disk surface density profile, disk scale length, and dark matter profile at 4 kpc < R < 9 kpc

Abstract

We present and apply rigorous dynamical modeling with which we infer unprecedented constraints on the stellar and dark matter mass distribution within our Milky Way (MW), based on large sets of phase-space data on individual stars. Specifically, we model the dynamics of 16,269 G-type dwarfs from SEGUE, which sample 5 < R_GC/kpc < 12 and 0.3 < |Z|/kpc < 3. We independently fit a parameterized MW potential and a three-integral, action-based distribution function (DF) to the phase-space data of 43 separate abundance-selected sub-populations (MAPs), accounting for the complex selection effects affecting the data. We robustly measure the total surface density within 1.1 kpc of the mid-plane to 5% over 4.5 < R_GC/kpc < 9. Using metal-poor MAPs with small radial scale lengths as dynamical tracers probes 4.5 < R_GC/kpc < 7, while MAPs with longer radial scale lengths sample 7 < R_GC/kpc < 9. We measure the mass-weighted Galactic disk scale length to be R_d = 2.15+/-0.14 kpc, in agreement with the photometrically inferred spatial distribution of stellar mass. We thereby measure dynamically the mass of the Galactic stellar disk to unprecedented accuracy: M_* = 4.6+/-0.3+3.0x(R_0/kpc-8)x10^{10}Msun and a total local surface density of Σ_{R_0}(Z=1.1 kpc) = 68+/-4 Msun/pc^2 of which 38+/-4 Msun/pc^2 is contributed by stars and stellar remnants. By combining our surface density measurements with the terminal velocity curve, we find that the MW's disk is maximal in that V_{c,disk} / V_{c,total} = 0.83+/-0.04 at R=2.2 R_d. We also constrain for the first time the radial profile of the dark halo at such small Galactocentric radii, finding that ρ_{DM} (r;near R_0) \propto 1 / r^αwith α< 1.53 at 95% confidence. Our results show that action-based distribution-function modeling of complex stellar data sets is now a feasible approach that will be fruitful for interpreting Gaia data.

Table 3 is available electronically as an Ancillary file (added again in v3)

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• Actions of highly eccentric orbits
• Radial Migration in Spiral Galaxies
• Recoiling supermassive black holes in analytical and numerical galaxy potential
• Wrinkles in Time. II. Stellar Age Trends in Kinematic Signatures from Transient Spiral Structure
• Rapid early gas accretion for the inner Galactic disc
• The odd primordial halo of the Milky Way implied by Gaia. A shallow core, but a steep decline
• How to Build an Empirical Speed Distribution for Dark Matter in the Solar Neighborhood
• Charting galactic accelerations II: how to 'learn' accelerations in the solar neighbourhood
• The impact of radial migration on disk galaxy star formation histories: II. Role of bar strength, disk thickness, and merger history
• Broken Expectations: The Effects of Modelling Assumptions on the Inferred Dark Matter Distribution in the Milky Way's Satellites
• The GALAH Survey: Neutron-Capture Elemental Abundances for 350,000 Gaia-RVS spectra and the Chemodynamics of Accreted Structures
• Ergodicity of FIRE: star formation variations within and between simulated galaxies