Shaken and Stirred: The Milky Way's Dark Substructures

Abstract

The predicted abundance and properties of the low-mass substructures embedded inside larger dark matter haloes differ sharply among alternative dark matter models. Too small to host galaxies themselves, these subhaloes may still be detected via gravitational lensing, or via perturbations of the Milky Way's globular cluster streams and its stellar disk. Here we use the Apostle cosmological simulations to predict the abundance and the spatial and velocity distributions of subhaloes in the range 10^6.5-10^8.5 solar masses inside haloes of mass ~ 10^12 solar masses in LCDM. Although these subhaloes are themselves devoid of baryons, we find that baryonic effects are important. Compared to corresponding dark matter only simulations, the loss of baryons from subhaloes and stronger tidal disruption due to the presence of baryons near the centre of the main halo, reduce the number of subhaloes by ~ 1/4 to 1/2, independently of subhalo mass, but increasingly towards the host halo centre. We also find that subhaloes have non-Maxwellian orbital velocity distributions, with centrally rising velocity anisotropy and positive velocity bias which reduces the number of low-velocity subhaloes, particularly near the halo centre. We parameterise the predicted population of subhaloes in terms of mass, galactocentric distance, and velocities. We discuss implications of our results for the prospects of detecting dark matter substructures and for possible inferences about the nature of dark matter.

arXiv comment19 pages, submitted to MNRAS, comments welcome

References in corpus (108)

• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation
• The cosmological simulation code GADGET-2
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• Where are the missing galactic satellites?
• Populating a cluster of galaxies - I. Results at z=0
• Observational evidence for self-interacting cold dark matter
• The Aquarius Project: the subhalos of galactic halos
• The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations
• Too big to fail? The puzzling darkness of massive Milky Way subhaloes
• GAIA: Composition, Formation and Evolution of the Galaxy
• Substructures in hydrodynamical cluster simulations
• At the heart of the matter: the origin of bulgeless dwarf galaxies and Dark Matter cores
• The effect of photo-ionization on the cooling rates of enriched, astrophysical plasmas
• LSST Science Book, Version 2.0
• Reionization and the abundance of galactic satellites
• Cosmological simulations of the growth of supermassive black holes and feedback from active galactic nuclei: method and tests
• Warm Dark Matter as a solution to the small scale crisis: new constraints from high redshift Lyman-alpha forest data
• Chemical enrichment in cosmological, smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations
• Analytical Models For Galactic Nuclei
• A Method for Measuring (Slopes of) the Mass Profiles of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
• On the relation between the Schmidt and Kennicutt-Schmidt star formation laws and its implications for numerical simulations
• The Cores of Dwarf Galaxy Halos
• Direct Detection of CDM Substructure
• The APOSTLE simulations: solutions to the Local Group's cosmic puzzles
• Formation and evolution of galaxy dark matter halos and their substructure
• Massloss of galaxies due to a UV-background
• How Do Disks Survive Mergers?
• Simulating galactic outflows with thermal supernova feedback
• Density profiles and substructure of dark matter halos: converging results at ultra-high numerical resolution
• Evidence for substructure in lens galaxies?
• Detection of massive tidal tails around the globular cluster Pal 5 with SDSS commissioning data
• A direct dynamical measurement of the Milky Way's disk surface density profile, disk scale length, and dark matter profile at 4 kpc < R < 9 kpc
• The Effects of Photoionization on Galaxy Formation - I: Model and Results at z=0
• Quantifying the Fragility of Galactic Disks in Minor Mergers
• A General Class of Lagrangian Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Methods and Implications for Fluid Mixing Problems
• Towards a Precise Measurement of Matter Clustering: Lyman-alpha Forest Data at Redshifts 2-4
• The haloes of bright satellite galaxies in a warm dark matter universe
• The thermal history of the intergalactic medium
• Gravitational detection of a low-mass dark satellite at cosmological distance
• Baryon effects on the internal structure of LCDM halos in the EAGLE simulations
• The thick disks of spiral galaxies as relics from gas-rich, turbulent, clumpy disks at high redshift
• Compound gravitational lensing as a probe of dark matter substructure within galaxy halos
• The Impact of Baryonic Physics on the Structure of Dark Matter Halos: the View from the FIRE Cosmological Simulations
• Secular Evolution in Disk Galaxies
• Origin and structure of the Galactic disc(s)
• Velocity and spatial biases in CDM subhalo distributions
• On the mass-to-light ratio of the local Galactic disc and the optical luminosity of the Galaxy
• Detection of a 63 Degree Cold Stellar Stream in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Baryons Matter: Why Luminous Satellite Galaxies Have Reduced Central Masses
• Detection of lensing substructure using ALMA observations of the dusty galaxy SDP.81
• Cold Dark Matter Substructure and Galactic Disks I: Morphological Signatures of Hierarchical Satellite Accretion
• The impact of angular momentum on black hole accretion rates in simulations of galaxy formation
• Formation and structure of halos in a warm dark matter cosmology
• Uncovering CDM halo substructure with tidal streams
• Density profiles of galaxy groups and clusters from SDSS galaxy-galaxy weak lensing
• Equal- and unequal-mass mergers of disk and elliptical galaxies with black holes
• Generating Equilibrium Dark Matter Halos: Inadequacies of the Local Maxwellian Approximation
• A Baryonic Solution to the Missing Satellites Problem
• Dark Matter Direct Detection with Non-Maxwellian Velocity Structure
• The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: the importance of the hydrodynamics scheme
• Phase-space structure in the local dark matter distribution and its signature in direct detection experiments
• Substructure depletion in the Milky Way halo by the disk
• Cosmic Dawn (CoDa): the First Radiation-Hydrodynamics Simulation of Reionization and Galaxy Formation in the Local Universe
• The APOSTLE project: Local Group kinematic mass constraints and simulation candidate selection
• Bent by baryons: the low mass galaxy-halo relation
• Inference of the Cold Dark Matter substructure mass function at z=0.2 using strong gravitational lenses
• Globular Cluster Streams as Galactic High-Precision Scales - The Poster Child Palomar 5
• Clumpy Streams from Clumpy Halos: Detecting Missing Satellites with Cold Stellar Structures
• SubHaloes going Notts: The SubHalo-Finder Comparison Project
• N-body Dark Matter Haloes with simple Hierarchical Histories
• Vertical disc heating in Milky Way-sized galaxies in a cosmological context
• The velocity width function of galaxies from the 40% ALFALFA survey: shedding light on the cold dark matter overabundance problem
• The chosen few: the low mass halos that host faint galaxies
• The abundance of (not just) dark matter haloes
• Constraining the WDM Particle Mass with Milky Way Satellites
• Spin-independent elastic WIMP scattering and the DAMA annual modulation signal
• The COpernicus COmplexio: Statistical Properties of Warm Dark Matter Haloes
• Detection of substructure with adaptive optics integral field spectroscopy of the gravitational lens B1422+231
• Baryonic impact on the dark matter distribution in Milky Way-size galaxies and their satellites
• Linear perturbation theory for tidal streams and the small-scale CDM power spectrum
• How well can cold-dark-matter substructures account for the observed radio flux-ratio anomalies?
• A new way of setting the phases for cosmological multi-scale Gaussian initial conditions
• Radial distribution and strong lensing statistics of satellite galaxies and substructure using high resolution LCDM hydrodynamical simulations
• Gas-Rich Mergers in LCDM: Disk Survivability and the Baryonic Assembly of Galaxies
• Second-order Lagrangian perturbation theory initial conditions for resimulations
• Can Gas prevent the Destruction of Thin Stellar Discs by Minor Mergers?
• Heating of Galactic Disks by Infalling Satellites
• Forensics of Subhalo-Stream Encounters: The Three Phases of Gap Growth
• Effects of Dark Matter Substructures on Gravitational Lensing: Results from the Aquarius Simulations
• Simulations of the heating of the Galactic stellar disc
• The bulge-halo conspiracy in massive elliptical galaxies: implications for the stellar initial mass function and halo response to baryonic processes
• The emptiness of voids: yet another over-abundance problem for the LCDM model
• Properties of Dark Subhaloes from Gaps in Tidal Streams
• Gaps in globular cluster streams: giant molecular clouds can cause them too
• Effects of baryon removal on the structure of dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Constrained simulations of the Local Group: on the radial distribution of substructures
• Long-term evolution of isolated N-body sytems
• Gaps in the GD-1 Star Stream
• NIHAO V: Too big doesn't fail -- reconciling the conflict between LCDM predictions and the circular velocities of nearby field galaxies
• Resonant Thickening of Disks by Small Satellite Galaxies
• An Orbit Fit for the Grillmair Dionatos Cold Stellar Stream
• The impact of going beyond the Maxwell distribution in direct dark matter detection rates
• Detecting Dark Matter Substructures around the Milky Way with Gaia
• The stability of stellar disks in Milky-Way sized dark matter halos
• Dissecting Galaxy Formation: II. Comparing Substructure in Pure Dark Matter and Baryonic Models
• Satellite Survival in Highly Resolved Milky Way Class Halos
• The low abundance and insignificance of dark discs in simulated Milky Way galaxies

Cited by in corpus (100)

• Not so lumpy after all: modeling the depletion of dark matter subhalos by Milky Way-like galaxies
• Footprints of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy in the $Gaia$ data set
• The Local Group on FIRE: Dwarf galaxy populations across a suite of hydrodynamic simulations
• Gaia Proper Motions and Orbits of the Ultra-Faint Milky Way Satellites
• The total satellite population of the Milky Way
• A profile in FIRE: resolving the radial distributions of satellite galaxies in the Local Group with simulations
• Novel constraints on the particle nature of dark matter from stellar streams
• Pushing back the limits: detailed properties of dwarf galaxies in a LCDM universe
• Joint constraints on thermal relic dark matter from strong gravitational lensing, the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest, and Milky Way satellites
• The impact of baryonic physics on the subhalo mass function and implications for gravitational lensing
• Revealing the galaxy-halo connection in IllustrisTNG
• Constraints on the properties of warm dark matter using the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way
• Spirals in galaxies
• Evidence of a population of dark subhalos from Gaia and Pan-STARRS observations of the GD-1 stream
• Abundance matching with the mean star formation rate: there is no missing satellites problem in the Milky Way above ${\mathbf{M}}_{200}\sim 10^9{\mathbf{M}}_{\odot }$
• Determining the full satellite population of a Milky Way-mass halo in a highly resolved cosmological hydrodynamic simulation
• Planes of satellites around Milky Way/M31-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations and comparisons with the Local Group
• Effects of baryonic and dark matter substructure on the Pal 5 stream
• Dwarf Galaxies in CDM, WDM, and SIDM: Disentangling Baryons and Dark Matter Physics
• The multiplicity and anisotropy of galactic satellite accretion
• Projection effects in the strong lensing study of subhaloes
• Subhalo destruction in the Apostle and Auriga simulations
• Probing the nature of dark matter particles with stellar streams
• Warm Dark Matter Constraints Using Milky-Way Satellite Observations and Subhalo Evolution Modeling
• The Suppression of Star Formation on the Smallest Scales: What Role Does Environment Play?
• Modeling the Impact of Baryons on Subhalo Populations with Machine Learning
• The Edge of the Galaxy
• Environmental Quenching of Low-Mass Field Galaxies
• Constraining the Milky Way Mass Profile with Phase-Space Distribution of Satellite Galaxies
• A robust estimate of the Milky Way mass from rotation curve data
• Dark and luminous satellites of LMC-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations
• On the Power Spectrum of Dark Matter Substructure in Strong Gravitational Lenses
• The little things matter: relating the abundance of ultrafaint satellites to the hosts' assembly history
• Warm FIRE: Simulating Galaxy Formation with Resonant Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter
• Upper Limit on the Milky Way Mass from the Orbit of the Sagittarius Dwarf Satellite
• The velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way satellite system
• Implications of Milky Way Substructures for the Nature of Dark Matter
• Probing the small-scale structure in strongly lensed systems via transdimensional inference
• Stellar Wakes from Dark Matter Subhalos
• Constraining the primordial magnetic field with dwarf galaxy simulations
• Quantifying the Line-of-Sight Halo Contribution to the Dark Matter Convergence Power Spectrum from Strong Gravitational Lenses
• Tidal Stripping in the Adiabatic Limit
• First constraints on Fuzzy Dark Matter from the dynamics of stellar streams in the Milky Way
• And In The Darkness Unbind Them: High-Resolution Simulations of Dark Matter Subhalo Disruption in a Milky Way-like Tidal Field
• $\Lambda$CDM Predictions for the Satellite Population of M33
• The spatial distribution of Milky Way satellites, gaps in streams and the nature of dark matter
• Globular Cluster Formation from Colliding Substructure
• SatGen -- II. Assessing the impact of a disc potential on subhalo populations
• Towards constraining warm dark matter with stellar streams through neural simulation-based inference
• Using Velocity Dispersion to Estimate Halo Mass: Is the Local Group in Tension with $\Lambda$CDM?
• Baryonic effects on the detectability of annihilation radiation from dark matter subhaloes around the Milky Way
• Do halos that form early, have high concentration, are part of a pair, or contain a central galaxy potential host more pronounced planes of satellite galaxies?
• ZOMG III: The effect of Halo Assembly on the Satellite Population
• Illuminating Dark Matter Halo Density Profiles Without Subhaloes
• The Normalization and Slope of the Dark Matter (Sub-)Halo Mass Function on Sub-Galactic Scales
• Astrophysical Tests of Dark Matter Self-Interactions
• The PAndAS View of the Andromeda Satellite System. IV Global properties
• Planes of satellites around simulated disc galaxies: I.- Finding high-quality planar configurations from positional information and their comparison to MW/M31 data
• Exploring extensions to the standard cosmological model and the impact of baryons on small scales
• The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. V: Satellite Galaxy Populations In A Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation of A Milky Way-mass Halo
• A high-resolution cosmological simulation of a strong gravitational lens
• Orbital distribution of infalling satellite halos across cosmic time
• The dark side of FIRE: predicting the population of dark matter subhaloes around Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Exploring the Cosmic Evolution of Habitability with Galaxy Merger Trees
• Through a Smoother Lens: An expected absence of LCDM substructure detections from hydrodynamic and dark matter only simulations
• Sizing from the Smallest Scales: The Mass of the Milky Way
• The Milky Way, Coming into Focus: Precision Astrometry Probes its Evolution, and its Dark Matter
• Sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array to dark subhalos
• A Versatile and Accurate Method for Halo Mass Determination from Phase-Space Distribution of Satellite Galaxies
• Local Group Analogs in $\Lambda$CDM cosmological simulations
• Selecting ultra-faint dwarf candidate progenitors in cosmological N-body simulations at high redshifts
• Galactic satellite systems in CDM, WDM and SIDM
• Statistical properties of substructures around Milky Way-sized haloes and their implications for the formation of stellar streams
• BASILISK: Bayesian Hierarchical Inference of the Galaxy-Halo Connection using Satellite Kinematics--I. Method and Validation
• A Gaia DR2 search for dwarf galaxies towards Fermi-LAT sources: implications for annihilating dark matter
• Constraints to dark matter annihilation from high-latitude HAWC unidentified sources
• Determining Satellite Infall Times Using Machine Learning
• Structure Formation with Two Periods of Inflation: Beyond PLaIn $\Lambda$CDM
• Accretion of Small Satellites and Gas Inflows in a Disc Galaxy
• Predictions on the stellar-to-halo mass relation in the dwarf regime using the empirical model for galaxy formation EMERGE
• Time evolution of gaps in stellar streams in axisymmetric Stäckel potentials
• Addressing via N-body simulations the distribution of the satellite tidal debris in the Milky Way environment
• Bursting and quenching in satellite galaxies
• The abundance of satellite galaxies in the inner region of $\Lambda$CDM Milky Way sized haloes
• The spatial distribution of satellites in galaxy clusters
• Can tides explain the low dark matter density in Fornax?
• EDEN: Exploring Disks Embedded in N-body simulations of Milky-Way-mass halos from Symphony
• Disc-Halo Interactions in ΛCDM
• Machine Learning the Fates of Dark Matter Subhalos: A Fuzzy Crystal Ball
• Globular clusters vs dark matter haloes in strong lensing observations
• STRRINGS: STReams in Residual Images of Nearby GalaxieS
• The Effects of $\Lambda$CDM Dark Matter Substructure on the Orbital Evolution of Star Clusters
• A forward-modelling method to infer the dark matter particle mass from strong gravitational lenses
• Prospects for a local detection of dark matter with future missions to Uranus and Neptune
• BASILISK II. Improved Constraints on the Galaxy-Halo Connection from Satellite Kinematics in SDSS
• Hunt for dark subhalos in the galactic stellar field using computer vision
• Dark matter haloes in the multicomponent model. III. From dwarfs to galaxy clusters
• The APOSTLE simulations: Rotation curves derived from synthetic 21-cm observations
• The effect of hydrodynamics alone on the subhalo population in a $\Lambda$CDM rich cluster sized dark matter halo
• Cosmological structure formation in complex scalar field dark matter versus real ultralight axions: a comparative study using CLASS