Formation and evolution of galaxy dark matter halos and their substructure

Abstract

We use the ``Via Lactea'' simulation to study the co-evolution of a Milky Way-size LambdaCDM halo and its subhalo population. While most of the host halo mass is accreted over the first 6 Gyr in a series of major mergers, the physical mass distribution [not M_vir(z)] remains practically constant since z=1. The same is true in a large sample of LambdaCDM galaxy halos. Subhalo mass loss peaks between the turnaround and virialization epochs of a given mass shell, and declines afterwards. 97% of the z=1 subhalos have a surviving bound remnant at the present epoch. The retained mass fraction is larger for initially lighter subhalos: satellites with maximum circular velocities Vmax=10 km/s at z=1 have today about 40% of their mass back then. At the first pericenter passage a larger average mass fraction is lost than during each following orbit. Tides remove mass in substructure from the outside in, leading to higher concentrations compared to field halos of the same mass. This effect, combined with the earlier formation epoch of the inner satellites, results in strongly increasing subhalo concentrations towards the Galactic center. We present individual evolutionary tracks and present-day properties of the likely hosts of the dwarf satellites around the Milky Way. The formation histories of ``field halos'' that lie today beyond the Via Lactea host are found to strongly depend on the density of their environment. This is caused by tidal mass loss that affects many field halos on eccentric orbits.

20 pages, 18 figures. Figures 6,7 and 8 corrected in this version, for details see the erratum in ApJ 679, 1680 and http://www.ucolick.org/~diemand/vl/publ/vlevolerr.pdf. Data, movies and images are available at http://www.ucolick.org/~diemand/vl/

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• Can a Satellite Galaxy Merger Explain the Active Past of the Galactic Center?
• A Gaia DR2 search for dwarf galaxies towards Fermi-LAT sources: implications for annihilating dark matter
• Removal and mixing of the coronal gas from satellites in galaxy groups: cooling the intragoup gas
• Nature and Nurture in Dark Matter Halos
• Black holes and Galactic density cusps -- I. Radial orbit cusps and bulges
• On the Adromeda to Milky Way mass-ratio
• Classification of gamma-ray targets for velocity-dependent and subhalo-boosted dark-matter annihilation
• Strong lensing by subhalos in the dwarf-galaxy mass range I: Image separations
• Ultra-fine dark matter structure in the Solar neighbourhood
• Luminous satellite galaxies in gravitational lenses
• Bursting and quenching in satellite galaxies
• The Last Journey. II. SMACC -- Subhalo Mass-loss Analysis using Core Catalogs
• Time evolution of gaps in stellar streams in axisymmetric Stäckel potentials
• Accurate Analytic Mass-Scale Relations for Dark Matter Haloes of all Masses and Redshifts
• Extended Stellar Components of Galaxies & the Nature of Dark Matter
• Haloes at the ragged edge: The importance of the splashback radius
• Measuring Detailed Chemical Abundances From Co-added Medium Resolution Spectra I. Tests using Milky Way dwarf spheroidal galaxies and globular clusters
• Universal dark halo scaling relation for the dwarf spheroidal satellites
• Evidence for Enrichment by Supernovae in the Globular Cluster NGC 6273
• The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos: Recent Insights from High Resolution Simulations
• Chemo-Dynamical Tagging in the Outskirts: The Origins of Stellar Substructures in the Magellanic Clouds
• Evolution of Low Mass Galactic Subhalos and Dependence on Concentration
• Semi-analytical frameworks for subhalos from the smallest to the largest scale
• Machine Learning the Fates of Dark Matter Subhalos: A Fuzzy Crystal Ball
• The velocity function of dark matter halos at r=20 kpc: Remarkably little evolution since z ~ 4
• Dwarf Galaxy Clustering and Missing Satellites
• Cluster Assembly Times as a Cosmological Test
• Strong Lensing by Subhalos in the Dwarf-Galaxy Mass Range II: Detection Probabilities
• Constraining warm dark matter power spectrum using the cross-correlation of HI 21 cm signal and the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest
• Searching for dark matter subhalos in the Fermi-LAT catalog with Bayesian neural networks
• The Milky Way accretion history compared to cosmological simulations -- from bulge to dwarf galaxy infall
• The Hierarchical Structure of Galactic Haloes: Classification and characterisation with Halo-OPTICS
• Central densities of dark matter halos in FIRE-2 simulations of low-mass galaxies with cold dark matter and self-interacting dark matter
• Constraining Dynamical Dark Energy Models through the Abundance of High-Redshift Supermassive Black Holes
• Dark Matter Halos: The Dynamical Basis of Effective Empirical Models
• Globular clusters vs dark matter haloes in strong lensing observations
• Co-Interacting Dark Matter
• Dynamical Properties of Collisionless Star Streams
• Kinematical & Chemical Characteristics of the Thin and Thick Disks
• The galaxy halo formation in the absence of violent relaxation and a universal density profile of the halo center
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: Exploring halo assembly bias with X-ray selected superclusters
• Luminous Satellites versus Dark Subhaloes: Clustering in the Milky Way
• The viability of low-mass subhaloes as targets for gamma-ray dark matter searches
• Dark Matter Angular Momentum Profile from the Jeans Equation
• Semi analytical description of formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies
• Relating the HI Gas Structure of Spiral Disks to Passing Satellites
• Hidden Figures in the Sky: Evolution of low-surface brightness galaxies from a hydro-dynamical perspective
• The breakBRD Breakdown: Using IllustrisTNG to Track the Quenching of an Observationally-Motivated Sample of Centrally Star-Forming Galaxies
• Properties of subhalos in the interacting dark matter scenario
• Kinetic recoupling of dark matter
• The Dark Matter Contribution to Galactic Diffuse Gamma Ray Emission
• Dark matter mass loss in galaxy flybys: dependence on impact parameter
• On the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
• Gamma Rays from Annihilations at the Galactic Center in a Physical Dark Matter Distribution
• The Influence of Subhaloes on Host Halo Properties
• SUSY dark matter annihilation in the Galactic halo
• The Pseudo Evolution of Galaxy-Cluster Masses and Its Connection to Mass Density Profile
• Prospects for annihilating dark matter from M31 and M33 observations with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Exploring the Universe with Metal-Poor Stars
• Analytical insight into dark matter subhalo boost factors for Sommerfeld-enhanced $s$- and $p$-wave $\gamma$-ray signals
• The impact of cosmic filaments on the abundance of satellite galaxies
• Subhalo abundance and satellite spatial distribution in Milky Way-Andromeda-like paired haloes
• Impact of baryons on the population of Galactic subhalos and implications for dark matter searches
• Prospects for CDM sub-halo detection using high angular resolution observations
• Galaxy-galaxy strong lens perturbations: line-of-sight haloes versus lens subhaloes
• Towards characterizing dark matter subhalo perturbations in stellar streams with graph neural networks
• Robustness of Neural Ratio and Posterior Estimators to Distributional Shifts for Population-Level Dark Matter Analysis in Strong Gravitational Lensing
• Probabilistic Inference of the Structure and Orbit of Milky Way Satellites with Semi-Analytic Modeling
• Dark Matter Density in Disk Galaxies
• Extending the SAGA Survey (xSAGA) I: Satellite Radial Profiles as a Function of Host Galaxy Properties
• LSST Strong Lensing Systems Dark Matter Sensitivity Analysis with Neural Ratio Estimators
• Kinematic effects of the velocity fluctuations for dark halos population in LCDM model
• Assembly History and Internal Structure of Cluster Cold Dark Matter Haloes