A Method for Measuring (Slopes of) the Mass Profiles of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies

Abstract

We introduce a method for measuring the slopes of mass profiles within dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies directly from stellar spectroscopic data and without adopting a dark matter halo model. Our method combines two recent results: 1) spherically symmetric, equilibrium Jeans models imply that the product of halflight radius and (squared) stellar velocity dispersion provides an estimate of the mass enclosed within the halflight radius of a dSph stellar component, and 2) some dSphs have chemo-dynamically distinct stellar \textit{sub}components that independently trace the same gravitational potential. We devise a statistical method that uses measurements of stellar positions, velocities and spectral indices to distinguish two dSph stellar subcomponents and to estimate their individual halflight radii and velocity dispersions. For a dSph with two detected stellar subcomponents, we obtain estimates of masses enclosed at two discrete points in the same mass profile, immediately defining a slope. Applied to published spectroscopic data, our method distinguishes stellar subcomponents in the Fornax and Sculptor dSphs, for which we measure slopes $\Gamma \equiv \Delta \log M/\Delta \log r=2.61_{-0.37}^{+0.43}$ and $\Gamma =2.95_{-0.39}^{+0.51}$, respectively. These values are consistent with 'cores' of constant density within the central few-hundred parsecs of each galaxy and rule out `cuspy' Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profiles ($d\log M/d\log r\le 2$ at all radii) with significance $\ga 96%$ and $\ga 99%$, respectively. Tests with synthetic data indicate that our method tends systematically to overestimate the mass of the inner stellar subcomponent to a greater degree than that of the outer stellar subcomponent, and therefore to underestimate the slope $\Gamma$ (implying that the stated NFW exclusion levels are conservative).

Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal (added references)

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• Confronting Models of Dwarf Galaxy Quenching with Observations of the Local Group
• Complexity on dwarf galaxies scale: A bimodal distribution function in Sculptor
• Production of heavy sterile neutrinos from vector boson decay at electroweak temperatures
• Gravothermal collapse of Self-Interacting Dark Matter halos as the Origin of Intermediate Mass Black Holes in Milky Way satellites
• A novel JEAnS analysis of the Fornax dwarf using evolutionary algorithms: mass follows light with signs of an off-centre merger
• Modified Dark Matter: Relating Dark Energy, Dark Matter and Baryonic Matter
• Real and counterfeit cores: how feedback expands halos and disrupts tracers of inner gravitational potential in dwarf galaxies
• Enhanced Line Signals from Annihilating Kaluza-Klein Dark Matter
• Evidence for Substructure in Ursa Minor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy using a Bayesian Object Detection Method
• How chameleons core dwarfs with cusps
• Singlet extension of the MSSM as a solution to the small cosmological scale anomalies
• Dark halo structure in the Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxy: joint analysis of multiple stellar components
• Detecting Globular Cluster Tidal Extensions with Bayesian Inference: I. Analysis of $\omega$ Centauri with Gaia EDR3
• Identifying galaxy candidates in WSRT HI imaging of ultra-compact high velocity clouds
• The SLUGGS Survey: The Inner Dark Matter Density Slope of the Massive Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1407
• The baryon cycle of Seven Dwarfs with superbubble feedback
• SN-driven mechanism of cusp-core transformation: an appraisal
• HSTPROMO Internal Proper Motion Kinematics of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies: I. Velocity Anisotropy and Dark Matter Cusp Slope of Draco
• Colour gradients of low-redshift galaxies in the DESI Legacy Imaging Survey
• A Possible Formation Scenario for Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies - II: A Parameter Study
• Fluctuations in strongly coupled cosmologies
• Equation of state, universal profiles, scaling and macroscopic quantum effects in Warm Dark Matter galaxies
• Scalar Field Dark Matter mass model and evolution of rotation curves for Lsb galaxies
• Stars on the edge: Galactic tides and the outskirts of the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal
• Globular clusters as tracers of the host galaxy mass distribution: the Fornax dSph test case
• Strongly Coupled Dark Energy Cosmologies: preserving LCDM success and easing low scale problems I - Linear theory revisited
• The Potential of the Dwarf Galaxy Triangulum II for Dark Matter Indirect Detection
• Line-of-sight velocity and metallicity measurements of the Palomar 5 tidal stream
• The effect of gravitational tides on dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• The Milky Way, Coming into Focus: Precision Astrometry Probes its Evolution, and its Dark Matter
• The halo of M105 and its group environment as traced by planetary nebula populations: II. Using kinematics of single stars to unveil the presence of intragroup light around the Leo I galaxies NGC 3384 and M105
• The post-infall evolution of a satellite galaxy
• Strongly Interacting Neutrino Portal Dark Matter
• Joint Gas and Stellar Dynamical Models of WLM: An isolated dwarf galaxy within a cored, prolate DM halo
• The effects of the small-scale behaviour of dark matter power spectrum on CMB spectral distortion
• Mapping the dark matter halo of early-type galaxy NGC 2974 through orbit-based models with combined stellar and cold gas kinematics
• Line Profiles from Discrete Kinematic Data
• The tidal evolution of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal and its globular clusters
• Probing cold dark matter subhalos with simulated ALMA observations of macrolensed sub-mm galaxies
• Micro galaxies in LCDM
• Analysis on the black hole formations inside old neutron stars by isospin-violating dark matter with self-interaction
• X-ray morphology of cluster-mass haloes in self-interacting dark matter
• On wave dark matter in spiral and barred galaxies
• Plan beta: Core or Cusp?
• Dark Stars and Gravitational Waves: Topical Review
• Prospects for Detecting Gamma Rays from Annihilating Dark Matter in Dwarf Galaxies in the Era of DES and LSST
• Uncovering the Orbit of the Hercules Dwarf Galaxy
• Self-gravitating Equilibria of Non-minimally Coupled Dark Matter Halos
• Mass assembly history and infall time of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Effects of Coupled Dark Energy on the Milky Way and its Satellites
• Uncovering dark matter density profiles in dwarf galaxies with graph neural networks
• On the dark matter haloes inner structure and galaxy morphology
• Do High-Velocity Clouds trace the Dark Matter subhalo population?
• Dark Matter Subhalos in the Ursa Minor Dwarf Galaxy
• The Dark Matter distribution function and Halo Thermalization from the Eddington equation in Galaxies
• The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) X. Probing the early chemical evolution of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy with carbon abundances
• Properties of globular clusters formed in dark matter mini-halos
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey IV -- Cold kinematical substructures in the Fornax core from COSTA
• Non-sphericity of ultralight axion dark matter haloes in the Galactic dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Satellite Alignment: III. Satellite Galaxies Spatial Distribution and their Dependence on Redshift with A Novel Galaxy Finder
• Globular clusters as probes of dark matter cusp-core transformations
• Self-Interacting Dark Matter and the Delay of Super-Massive Black Hole Growth
• Degenerate Fermion Dark Matter from a Broken $U(1{)}_{\mathrm{B}-\mathrm{L}}$ Gauge Symmetry
• Matching the mass function of Milky Way satellites in competing dark matter models
• Is the core-cusp problem a matter of perspective: Jeans Anisotropic Modeling against numerical simulations
• Virial Sequences for Thick Discs and Haloes: Flattening and Global Anisotropy
• The spatial distribution of globular clusters in dwarf spheroidal galaxies and the timing problem
• Constraining neutrino-DM interactions with Milky Way dwarf spheroidals and supernova neutrinos
• Unravelling the mass spectrum of destroyed dwarf galaxies with the metallicity distribution function
• The Structural and Kinematic Evolution of Central Star Clusters in Dwarf Galaxies and Their Dependence on Dark Matter Halo Profiles
• $S^5$: New insights from deep spectroscopic observations of the tidal tails of the globular clusters NGC 1261 and NGC 1904
• The viability of ultralight bosonic dark matter in dwarf galaxies
• Dwarf spheroidal $J$-factor likelihoods for generalized NFW profiles
• Cusps in the center of galaxies: a real conflict with observations or a numerical artefact of cosmological simulations?
• Light from the Darkness: Detecting Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in the Perseus Cluster through Over-densities of Globular Clusters with a Log-Gaussian Cox Process
• The case for mixed dark matter from sterile neutrinos
• Probing Dark Relativistic Species and Their Interactions with Dark Matter through CMB and 21cm surveys
• Wobbly Dark Matter Signals at Cherenkov Telescopes from Long Lived Mediator Decays
• SIMPly add a dark photon
• Multiple stellar populations in Schwarzschild modeling and the application to the Fornax dwarf
• Prospects of Probing Dark Matter Condensates with Gravitational Waves
• Signatures of afterglows from light dark matter boosted by supernova neutrinos in current and future large underground detectors
• The MUSE-Faint survey. IV. Dissecting Leo T, a gas-rich relic with recent star formation
• Are Over-massive Haloes of Ultra Diffuse Galaxies Consistent with Extended MOND?
• A Megacam Survey of Outer Halo Satellites. IV. Two foreground populations possibly associated with the Monoceros substructure in the direction of NGC2419 and Koposov2
• Exploring dark sector parameters in light of neutron star temperatures
• On the dwarf galaxies rotation curves diversity problem
• NGC 6822 as a probe of dwarf galactic evolution
• Dark halo microphysics and massive black hole scaling relations in galaxies
• Trading kinetic energy: How late kinetic decoupling of dark matter changes $N_{\text{eff}}$
• The proper motion of stars in dwarf galaxies: distinguishing central density cusps from cores
• The abundance of satellite galaxies in the inner region of $\Lambda$CDM Milky Way sized haloes
• Near-Gaussian distributions for modelling discrete stellar velocity data with heteroskedastic uncertainties
• Interlopers speak out: studying the dark universe using small-scale lensing anisotropies
• Andromeda XXV -- a dwarf galaxy with a low central dark matter density
• Kinematic signatures of impulsive supernova feedback in dwarf galaxies
• When quantum corrections alter the predictions of classical field theory for scalar field dark matter
• Conservation of radial actions in time-dependent spherical potentials
• Strong Dark Matter Self-Interaction from a Stable Scalar Mediator
• Warm Dark Matter Galaxies with Central Supermassive Black-Holes
• Resolved Stellar Populations as Tracers of Outskirts
• What can Gaia (with TMT) say about Sculptor's Core?
• Static structure of chameleon dark Matter as an explanation of dwarf spheroidal galactic core
• Can tides explain the low dark matter density in Fornax?
• On the Galactic radio signal from stimulated decay of axion dark matter
• Measuring the Matter Density of the Galactic Disk Using Stellar Streams
• Trial by FIRE: Probing the dark matter density profile of dwarf galaxies with GraphNPE
• Understanding Dwarf Galaxies in order to Understand Dark Matter
• Testing $\Lambda$CDM With Dwarf Galaxy Morphology
• Mass Modeling the Andromeda Dwarf Galaxies: Andromeda VI and Andromeda XXIII
• Growth of Linear Perturbations in a Universe with Superfluid Dark Matter
• The imprint of dark matter on the Galactic acceleration field
• Why does Einasto profile index $n\sim 6$ occur so frequently?
• Flattening of dark matter cusps during mergers: model of M31
• Kinematics and metallicity of the dwarf spheroidal galaxy Andromeda XVIII
• A Universal SFDM Halo Mass for the Andromeda and Milky Way's dSphs?
• GravSphere2: A higher-order Jeans method for mass-modeling spherical stellar systems
• Hollow cores in Warm Dark Matter halos from the Vlasov-Poisson equation
• Nuclear star clusters as probes of dark matter halos: the case of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• A 3D view of dwarf galaxies with Gaia and VLT/FLAMES II. The Sextans dwarf spheroidal
• Gravitational wave lensing: probing Fuzzy Dark Matter with LISA
• Extending the MSSM with singlet Higgs and right handed neutrino for the self-interacting dark matter
• Estimation of the Mass of Dark Matter Using the Observed Mass Profiles of Late-Type Galaxies
• PoPE: A population-based approach to model spatial structure of astronomical systems
• Composite self-interacting dark matter and Higgs
• Dark sector domain walls could explain the observed planes of satellites
• Candidate Dark Galaxy-2: Validation and Analysis of an Almost Dark Galaxy in the Perseus Cluster
• From particles to orbits: precise dark matter density profiles using dynamical information
• Giant monopoles as a dark matter candidate
• On the evolution process of two-component dark matter in the Sun
• Quantifying Departures from Equilibrium with the Spherical Jeans Equation
• Stellar Profile Independent Determination of the Dark Matter Distribution of the Fornax Local Group Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• Dark matter inner slope and concentration in galaxies: from the Fornax dwarf to M87
• Cluster density slopes from Dark Matter-Baryons Energy Transfer
• Cored density profiles in the DARKexp model
• Warm dark matter sterile neutrinos in electron capture and beta decay spectra
• Confronting global 21-cm signal with ${\mathbb{Z}}_3$ symmetric dark matter models
• Too small to succeed: the difficulty of sustaining star formation in low-mass haloes
• Cosmological Dark Matter in a Conformal Model
• Modelling Observational Constraints for Dark Matter Halos
• EDGES of the dark forest: A new absorption window into the composite dark matter and large scale structure
• Co-interacting dark matter and conformally coupled light scalars
• Gravitational and distributed heating effects of a cD galaxy on the hydrodynamical structure of its host cluster
• Subdominant Dark Matter sterile neutrino resonant production in the light of Planck
• Scalar Field Dark Matter: Impact of Supernovae-driven blowouts on the soliton structure of low mass dark matter halos
• Gravitational SIMPs
• Emulating the Non-Linear Matter Power-Spectrum in Mixed Axion Dark Matter Models
• Dark matter haloes in the multicomponent model. III. From dwarfs to galaxy clusters
• Chemodynamics of BoötesI with $S^5$: Revised Velocity Gradient, Dark Matter Density, and Galactic Chemical Evolution Constraints
• Kinematics of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal core: A 5D Analysis for a 6D Methodology with Gaia DR3
• An Interpretable AI Framework to Disentangle Self-Interacting and Cold Dark Matter in Galaxy Clusters: The CKAN Approach
• How Many Bursts Does it Take to Form a Core at the Center of a Galaxy?
• PandaX limits on light dark matter with light mediator in the singlet extension of MSSM
• Observed versus Simulated Halo c-Mvir Relations
• New model of density distribution for fermionic dark matter halos
• Baryon-driven decontraction in Milky Way mass haloes
• Cosmological implications of electromagnetically interacting dark matter: milli-charged particles and atoms with singly and doubly charged dark matter
• Matching the dark matter profiles of dSph galaxies with those of simulated satellites: a two parameter comparison
• Broken Expectations: The Effects of Modelling Assumptions on the Inferred Dark Matter Distribution in the Milky Way's Satellites
• Scattering meets absorption in dark matter detection
• Propagating Instability for Wave Dark Matter
• APOGEE chemical abundances of stars in the MW satellites Fornax, Sextans, Draco and Carina
• Stellar Cores Live Long and Prosper in Cuspy Dark Matter Halos
• Multi-component, axisymmetric dynamical models of dSphs based on distribution functions: inferences on dark matter and intermediate-mass black holes in Draco and Ursa Minor
• A probabilistic deep learning model to distinguish cusps and cores in dwarf galaxies
• Non-local Interactions are Essential Elements for Dark Matter Halo Stability: A Cross-Model Study
• On the Tidal Formation of Dark Matter Deficient Galaxies
• Constraining the shape of Milky Way satellites with distance gradients