Radial motions in disk stars: ellipticity or secular flows?

Abstract

Average stellar orbits of the Galactic disk may have some small intrinsic ellipticity which breaks the exact axisymmetry and there may also be some migration of stars inwards or outwards. Both phenomena can be detected through kinematic analyses. We use the red clump stars selected spectroscopically from APOGEE (APO Galactic Evolution Experiment), with known distances and radial velocities, to measure the radial component of the Galactocentric velocities within 5 kpc$<R<$16 kpc, $|b|<5^{\circ }$ and within 20 degrees from the Sun-Galactic center line. The average Galactocentric radial velocity is $V_R=(1.48\pm 0.35)[R(\mathrm{kpc})-(8.8\pm 2.7)]$ km/s outwards in the explored range, with a higher contribution from stars below the Galactic plane. Two possible explanations can be given for this result: i) the mean orbit of the disk stars is intrinsically elliptical with a Galactocentric radial gradient of eccentricity around 0.01 kpc${}^{-1}$; or ii) there is a net secular expansion of the disk, in which stars within $R\approx 9-11$ kpc are migrating to the region $R\gtrsim 11$ kpc at the rate of $\sim 2$ M${}_{\odot }$/yr, and stars with $R\lesssim 9$ kpc are falling toward the center of the Galaxy. This migration ratio would be unattainable for a long time and it should decelerate, otherwise the Galaxy would fade away in around 1 Gyr. At present, both hypotheses are speculative and one would need data on the Galactocentric radial velocities for other azimuths different to the center or anticenter in order to confirm one of the scenarios.

6 pages, accepted to be published in AJ

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• Gaia-DR2 extended kinematical maps. Part I: Method and application
• Gaia-DR2 extended kinematical maps. Part II: Dynamics in the Galactic disk explaining radial and vertical velocities
• The peculiar velocities in the Galactic outer disk--hints of the elliptical disk and the perturbation of the spiral structures
• The peculiar in-plane velocities in the outer disc of the Milky Way
• Long-lived transient structure in collisionless self-gravitating systems
• Transient spiral arms from far out of equilibrium gravitational evolution
• Radial velocities in the outermost disk toward the anticenter
• Nonaxisymmetric models of galaxy velocity maps
• A study of full space motions of outer Galactic disk A and F stars in two deep pencil-beams