Dense gas and star formation in the Outer Milky Way

Abstract

We present maps and spectra of the HCN(1-0) and HCO${}^{+}$(1-0) lines in the extreme outer Galaxy, at galactocentric radii between 14 and 22 kpc, with the 13.7 meter Delingha telescope. The 9 molecular clouds were selected from a CO/${}^{13}$CO survey of the outer quadrants. The goal is to better understand the structure of molecular clouds in these poorly studied subsolar metallicity regions and the relation with star formation. The lines are all narrow, less than 2km/s at half power, enabling detection of the HCN hyperfine structure in the stronger sources and allowing us to observationally test hyperfine collision rates. The hyperfine line ratios show that the HCN emission is optically thin with column densities estimated at N(HCN)~$3x10^{12}$\scm. The HCO${}^{+}$ emission is approximately twice as strong as the HCN (taken as the sum of all components), in contrast with the inner Galaxy and nearby galaxies where they are similarly strong. For an abundance ratio ${\chi }_{HCN}/{\chi }_{HC{O}^{+}}=3$, this requires a relatively low density solution for the dense gas, with n(H2) $\sim 10^3-10^4$\ccm. The ${}^{12}$CO/${}^{13}$CO line ratios are similar to solar neighborhood values, roughly 7.5, despite the low ${}^{13}$CO abundance expected at such large radii. The HCO${}^{+}$/CO and HCO${}^{+}$/${}^{13}$CO integrated intensity ratios are also standard at about 1/35 and 1/5 respectively. HCN is weak compared to the CO emission, with HCN/CO $\sim 1/70$ even after summing all hyperfine components. At the parsec scales observed here, the correlation between star formation, as traced by 24~$\mu$m emission as is standard in extragalactic work, and dense gas via the HCN or HCO${}^{+}$ emission, is poor, perhaps due to the lack of dynamic range. We find that the lowest dense gas fractions are in the sources at high galactic latitude (b>2, h>300pc above the plane), possibly due to lower pressure.

17 pages, 14 figures

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• Molecular Clouds at the Edge of the Galaxy II. Physical properties and scaling relations