New analysis of SNeIa Pantheon Catalog: Variable speed of light as an alternative to dark energy

Hoang Ky Nguyen

doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/04/005

paper

New analysis of SNeIa Pantheon Catalog: Variable speed of light as an alternative to dark energy

arXiv:2412.05262 · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/04/005

Abstract

In A&A 412, 35 (2003) Blanchard, Douspis, Rowan-Robinson, and Sarkar (BDRS) slightly modified the primordial fluctuation spectrum and produced an excellent fit to WMAP's CMB power spectrum for an Einstein-de Sitter (EdS) universe, bypassing dark energy. Curiously, they obtained a Hubble value of $H_{0} \approx 46$ , in sharp conflict with the canonical range $H_{0} \sim 67 - 73$ . However, we will demonstrate that the reduced value of $H_{0} \approx 46$ achieved by BDRS is fully compatible with the use of variable speed of light in analyzing the late-time cosmic acceleration observed in Type Ia supernovae (SNeIa). In Phys. Lett. B 862, 139357 (2025) we uncovered a hidden aspect in a generic class of scale-invariant actions: the dynamics of the dilaton can induce a variation in the speed of light as $c \propto χ^{1/2}$ , causing $c$ to vary alongside $χ$ across spacetime. For an EdS universe with varying $c$ , besides the effects of cosmic expansion, light waves emitted from distant SNeIa are further subject to a refraction effect, which alters the Lemaitre redshift relation to $1 + z = a^{- 3/2}$ . Based on this new formula, we achieve a fit to the SNeIa Pantheon Catalog exceeding the quality of the $Λ$ CDM model. Crucially, our approach does not require dark energy and produces $H_{0} = 47.2$ in strong alignment with the BDRS finding of $H_{0} \approx 46$ . Hence, BDRS's analysis of the (early-time) CMB power spectrum and our variable- $c$ analysis of the (late-time) Hubble diagram of SNeIa fully agree on two counts: (i) the dark energy hypothesis is avoided, and (ii) $H_{0}$ is reduced to $\sim 47$ , which also yields an age $t_{0} = 2/ (3 H_{0}) = 13.8$ Gy for an EdS universe, without requiring dark energy. Most importantly, we will demonstrate that the late-time acceleration can be attributed to the declining speed of light in an expanding EdS universe, rather than to a dark energy component.

arXiv commentFinal version. Published in JCAP

New analysis of SNeIa Pantheon Catalog: Variable speed of light as an alternative to dark energy

Abstract

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