Cluster optical depth and pairwise velocity estimation using machine learning

Abstract

We apply two machine learning methods, a CNN deep-leaning model and a gradient-boosting decision tree, to estimate individual cluster optical depths from observed properties derived from multiple complementary datasets. The models are trained and tested with simulated N-body derived halo catalogs and synthetic full-sky CMB maps designed to mirror data from the DESI and Simons Observatory experiments. Specifically, the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) and CMB lensing convergence, along with cluster virial mass estimates are used as features to train the machine learning models. The predicted optical depths are combined with kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) measurements to estimate individual cluster radial peculiar velocities. The method is shown to recover an unbiased estimate of the pairwise velocity statistics of the simulated cluster sample. The model's efficacy is demonstrated for halos with mass range $10^{13}{M}_{\odot }<M_{200}<10^{15}{M}_{\odot }$ over a redshift range $0<z<1$, and validated in the presence of primary CMB, instrument noise, lensing convergence noise, and potential uncertainties in halo virial mass estimates. We apply the method to ACT CMB data, using ACT DR4 component-separated maps for tSZ and CMB lensing and ACT DR5 maps for kSZ, in conjunction with galaxy clusters observed in the SDSS DR15 spectroscopic survey. We demonstrate that the machine learning approach is an effective one to analyze data from current and upcoming CMB experiments such as Simons Observatory and CCAT, and galaxy surveys, such as DESI and Roman, for which the pairwise velocity statistics can provide valuable insights into the properties of neutrinos and gravity on cosmic scales.

17 pages, 10 figures. Updated to match the published version in PRD

References in corpus (130)

• Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization
• Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation
• Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters
• Dynamics of dark energy
• HEALPix -- a Framework for High Resolution Discretization, and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere
• Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation
• The Cosmological Constant and Dark Energy
• Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Parameter Results
• First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Preliminary Maps and Basic Results
• Detection of the Baryon Acoustic Peak in the Large-Scale Correlation Function of SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies
• Modified Gravity and Cosmology
• Modified Gravity Theories on a Nutshell: Inflation, Bounce and Late-time Evolution
• The 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The Optical and Near-Infrared Properties of Galaxies: I. Luminosity and Stellar Mass Functions
• Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe
• Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 Galaxy Sample
• Stellar mass-to-light ratios and the Tully-Fisher relation
• One pixel attack for fooling deep neural networks
• The Simons Observatory: Science goals and forecasts
• The Completed SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Cosmological Implications from two Decades of Spectroscopic Surveys at the Apache Point observatory
• Observational Probes of Cosmic Acceleration
• The Pantheon+ Analysis: Cosmological Constraints
• Beyond the Cosmological Standard Model
• DESI 2024 VI: Cosmological Constraints from the Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
• Measuring the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation scale using the SDSS and 2dFGRS
• The Connection between Galaxies and their Dark Matter Halos
• Cosmological implications of baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements
• The 10 Meter South Pole Telescope
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR4 Maps and Cosmological Parameters
• Tunability: Importance of Hyperparameters of Machine Learning Algorithms
• Beyond $\Lambda$CDM: Problems, solutions, and the road ahead
• Dark Energy vs. Modified Gravity
• Maximal freedom at minimum cost: linear large-scale structure in general modifications of gravity
• The Fifteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release of MaNGA Derived Quantities, Data Visualization Tools and Stellar Library
• The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey: Improved Distance Measurements to z = 1 with Reconstruction of the Baryonic Acoustic Feature
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Cosmological parameters from three seasons of data
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Gravitational Lensing Map and Cosmological Parameters
• Stellar mass -- halo mass relation and star formation efficiency in high-mass halos
• Dark Energy and Modified Gravity in Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor (DHOST) theories: a review
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: The Receiver and Instrumentation
• Challenges to Self-Acceleration in Modified Gravity from Gravitational Waves and Large-Scale Structure
• Evidence of Galaxy Cluster Motions with the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect
• Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Weak Lensing Mass Calibration of redMaPPer Galaxy Clusters
• A measurement of secondary cosmic microwave background anisotropies from the 2500-square-degree SPT-SZ survey
• Simulations of the Microwave Sky
• Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and the Hubble Constant: Past, Present and Future
• The stellar-to-halo mass relation over the past 12 Gyr
• Galaxy luminosities, stellar masses, sizes, velocity dispersions as a function of morphological type
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Combined kinematic and thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich measurements from BOSS CMASS and LOWZ halos
• The Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect with Projected Fields: A Novel Probe of the Baryon Distribution with Planck, WMAP, and WISE Data
• Evidence for the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeľdovich effect with ACTPol and velocity reconstruction from BOSS
• A blinded determination of $H_0$ from low-redshift Type Ia supernovae, calibrated by Cepheid variables
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Modeling the Gas Thermodynamics in BOSS CMASS galaxies from Kinematic and Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Measurements
• Detection of the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect with DES Year 1 and SPT
• The fate of large-scale structure in modified gravity after GW170817 and GRB170817A
• A Simple and Accurate Model for Intra-Cluster Gas
• Importance of Tuning Hyperparameters of Machine Learning Algorithms
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A CMB lensing mass map over 2100 square degrees of sky and its cross-correlation with BOSS-CMASS galaxies
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR5 maps of 18,000 square degrees of the microwave sky from ACT 2008-2018 data
• A Measurement of the Kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Signal Toward MACS J0717.5+3745
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Component-separated maps of CMB temperature and the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
• Detection of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect with BOSS DR11 and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope
• Constraining local non-Gaussianities with kSZ tomography
• Exploring the Energetics of Intracluster Gas with a Simple and Accurate Model
• Dark Energy Constraints from Galaxy Cluster Peculiar Velocities
• The Tau of Galaxy Clusters
• The Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect with Projected Fields II: prospects, challenges, and comparison with simulations
• Constraints on gravity and dark energy from the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect
• The mass-richness relation of optically-selected clusters from weak gravitational lensing and abundance with Subaru HSC first-year data
• Cosmological constraints from baryon acoustic oscillations and clustering of large-scale structure
• On the streaming motions of haloes and galaxies
• Constraining $f(R)$ gravity by the Large Scale Structure
• A Measurement of the Galaxy Group-Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Cross-Correlation Function
• A Robust and Efficient Deep Learning Method for Dynamical Mass Measurements of Galaxy Clusters
• Constraints on massive neutrinos from the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
• CMB/kSZ and Compton-$y$ Maps from 2500 square degrees of SPT-SZ and Planck Survey Data
• How accurately can the SZ effect measure peculiar cluster velocities and bulk flows?
• Dark Energy and Modified Gravity in the Effective Field Theory of Large-Scale Structure
• The Two-Halo Term in Stacked Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Measurements: Implications for Self-Similarity
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Detection of the Pairwise Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect with SDSS DR15 Galaxies
• Reconstructing cosmic growth with kSZ observations in the era of Stage IV experiments
• Constraining the Baryon Abundance with the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect: Projected-Field Detection Using Planck, WMAP, and unWISE
• A Large Sky Simulation of the Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Cosmological Constraints from Galaxy Cluster Velocity Statistics
• Optimising growth of structure constraints on modified gravity
• Matched filter optimization of kSZ measurements with a reconstructed cosmological flow field
• Constraints on the optical depth of galaxy groups and clusters
• Galaxy cluster mass estimation with deep learning and hydrodynamical simulations
• Large scale motions in superclusters: their imprint in the CMB
• Prospects for measuring the relative velocities of galaxy clusters in photometric surveys using the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect
• A Deep Learning Approach to Infer Galaxy Cluster Masses from Planck Compton$-y$ parameter maps
• Using X-Ray Morphological Parameters to Strengthen Galaxy Cluster Mass Estimates via Machine Learning
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Probing the Baryon Content of SDSS DR15 Galaxies with the Thermal and Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effects
• Measuring Cosmological Parameters with Type Ia Supernovae in redMaGiC galaxies
• Projected-Field Kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Cross-Correlations: Halo Model and Forecasts
• Simulation-based inference of dynamical galaxy cluster masses with 3D convolutional neural networks
• Probing cosmic birefringence with polarized Sunyaev-Zel'dovich tomography
• On the Cluster Physics of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich and X-ray Surveys IV: Characterizing Density and Pressure Clumping due to Infalling Substructures
• Augmenting astrophysical scaling relations with machine learning: application to reducing the Sunyaev-Zeldovich flux-mass scatter
• Approximate Bayesian Uncertainties on Deep Learning Dynamical Mass Estimates of Galaxy Clusters
• Measuring the evolution of intergalactic gas from z=0 to 5 using the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
• Recovering the CMB Signal with Machine Learning
• Taking measurements of the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect forward: including uncertainties from velocity reconstruction with forward modeling
• Forecasted constraints on modified gravity from Sunyaev Zel'dovich tomography
• Kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich tomography with line-intensity mapping
• Identification of BASS DR3 Sources as Stars, Galaxies and Quasars by XGBoost
• Primordial trispectrum from kSZ tomography
• A measurement of the mean central optical depth of galaxy clusters via the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect with SPT-3G and DES
• Towards detection of relativistic effects in galaxy number counts using kSZ Tomography
• CENN: A fully convolutional neural network for CMB recovery in realistic microwave sky simulations
• The Cross-correlation of KSZ Effect and 21 cm Intensity Mapping with Tidal Reconstruction
• Gradient boosting decision trees classification of blazars of uncertain type in the fourth Fermi-LAT catalog
• The Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect with ACT, DES, and BOSS: a Novel Hybrid Estimator
• Benchmarks and Explanations for Deep Learning Estimates of X-ray Galaxy Cluster Masses
• Prospects for kSZ${}^2$-Galaxy Cross-Correlations during Reionization
• Redshift prediction of Fermi-LAT gamma-ray sources using CatBoost gradient boosting decision trees
• Robustness of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich power spectrum shape as a cosmological gravity probe
• Uncorrelated Compensated Isocurvature Perturbations from kSZ Tomography
• Constraining Cosmological Parameters using the Cluster Mass-Richness Relation
• Imprint of baryons and massive neutrinos on velocity statistics
• Hyperparameter Importance for Machine Learning Algorithms
• Classification of the \emph{Fermi}-LAT Blazar Candidates of Uncertain type using eXtreme Gradient Boosting
• From Halos to Galaxies. VI. Improved halo mass estimation for SDSS groups and measurement of the halo mass function
• Mass Estimation of Planck Galaxy Clusters using Deep Learning
• Pairwise kSZ signal extraction efficacy and optical depth estimation
• Euclid: Identifying the reddest high-redshift galaxies in the Euclid Deep Fields with gradient-boosted trees
• Peculiar Velocity Estimation from Kinetic SZ Effect using Deep Neural Networks
• kSZ Pairwise Velocity Reconstruction with Machine Learning