The Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect with Projected Fields: A Novel Probe of the Baryon Distribution with Planck, WMAP, and WISE Data

Abstract

The kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect --- the Doppler boosting of cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons due to Compton-scattering off free electrons with non-zero bulk velocity --- probes the abundance and distribution of baryons in the Universe. All kSZ measurements to date have explicitly required spectroscopic redshifts. Here, we implement a novel estimator for the kSZ -- large-scale structure cross-correlation based on projected fields: it does not require redshift estimates for individual objects, allowing kSZ measurements from large-scale imaging surveys. We apply this estimator to cleaned CMB temperature maps constructed from Planck and Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data and a galaxy sample from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). We measure the kSZ effect at 3.8-4.5$\sigma$ significance, depending on the use of additional WISE galaxy bias constraints. We verify that our measurements are robust to possible dust emission from the WISE galaxies. Assuming the standard $\Lambda$CDM cosmology, we directly constrain $(f_b/0.158)(f_{\mathrm{free}}/1.0)=1.48\pm 0.19$ (statistical error only) at redshift $z\approx 0.4$, where $f_b$ is the fraction of matter in baryonic form and $f_{\mathrm{free}}$ is the free electron fraction. This is the tightest kSZ-derived constraint reported to date on these parameters. The consistency between the $f_b$ value found here and the values inferred from analyses of the primordial CMB and Big Bang nucleosynthesis verifies that baryons approximately trace the dark matter distribution down to $\sim$Mpc scales. While our projected-field estimator is already competitive with other kSZ approaches when applied to current datasets (because we are able to use the full-sky WISE photometric survey), it will yield enormous signal-to-noise when applied to upcoming high-resolution, multi-frequency CMB surveys.

5 pages + references, 2 figures; v2: matches PRL accepted version, results unchanged

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