The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Gravitational Lensing Map and Cosmological Parameters

Abstract

We present cosmological constraints from a gravitational lensing mass map covering 9400 sq. deg. reconstructed from CMB measurements made by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) from 2017 to 2021. In combination with BAO measurements (from SDSS and 6dF), we obtain the amplitude of matter fluctuations ${\sigma }_8=0.819\pm 0.015$ at 1.8% precision, $S_8\equiv {\sigma }_8({\Omega }_{\mathrm{m}}/0.3{)}^{0.5}=0.840\pm 0.028$ and the Hubble constant $H_0=(68.3\pm 1.1)\text{km}{\text{s}}^{-1}{\text{Mpc}}^{-1}$ at 1.6% precision. A joint constraint with CMB lensing measured by the Planck satellite yields even more precise values: ${\sigma }_8=0.812\pm 0.013$, $S_8\equiv {\sigma }_8({\Omega }_{\mathrm{m}}/0.3{)}^{0.5}=0.831\pm 0.023$ and $H_0=(68.1\pm 1.0)\text{km}{\text{s}}^{-1}{\text{Mpc}}^{-1}$. These measurements agree well with $\Lambda$CDM-model extrapolations from the CMB anisotropies measured by Planck. To compare these constraints to those from the KiDS, DES, and HSC galaxy surveys, we revisit those data sets with a uniform set of assumptions, and find $S_8$ from all three surveys are lower than that from ACT+Planck lensing by varying levels ranging from 1.7-2.1$\sigma$. These results motivate further measurements and comparison, not just between the CMB anisotropies and galaxy lensing, but also between CMB lensing probing $z\sim 0.5-5$ on mostly-linear scales and galaxy lensing at $z\sim 0.5$ on smaller scales. We combine our CMB lensing measurements with CMB anisotropies to constrain extensions of $\Lambda$CDM, limiting the sum of the neutrino masses to $\sum m_{\nu }<0.13$ eV (95% c.l.), for example. Our results provide independent confirmation that the universe is spatially flat, conforms with general relativity, and is described remarkably well by the $\Lambda$CDM model, while paving a promising path for neutrino physics with gravitational lensing from upcoming ground-based CMB surveys.

32 pages, 17 figures, replaced with version accepted in ApJ (Feb 2024). Cosmological likelihood data and mass maps are public here: https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/act/actadv_prod_table.html ; likelihood software is here: https://github.com/ACTCollaboration/act_dr6_lenslike . Also see companion papers Qu et al and MacCrann et al

References in corpus (60)

• A Comprehensive Measurement of the Local Value of the Hubble Constant with 1 km/s/Mpc Uncertainty from the Hubble Space Telescope and the SH0ES Team
• The Clustering of the SDSS DR7 Main Galaxy Sample I: A 4 per cent Distance Measure at z=0.15
• The Pantheon+ Analysis: Cosmological Constraints
• The DESI Experiment Part I: Science,Targeting, and Survey Design
• Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Cosmological Constraints from Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing
• Massive neutrinos and cosmology
• Planck evidence for a closed Universe and a possible crisis for cosmology
• Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Cosmology from Cosmic Shear and Robustness to Data Calibration
• Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Cosmology from Cosmic Shear and Robustness to Modeling Uncertainty
• Detection of Gravitational Lensing in the Cosmic Microwave Background
• The Completed SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Baryon acoustic oscillations with Lyman-$\alpha$ forests
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Measurement of the DR6 CMB Lensing Power Spectrum and its Implications for Structure Growth
• Measurements of the E-Mode Polarization and Temperature-E-Mode Correlation of the CMB from SPT-3G 2018 Data
• Search for the Majorana Nature of Neutrinos in the Inverted Mass Ordering Region with KamLAND-Zen
• Cosmic Microwave Weak lensing data as a test for the dark universe
• CMB power spectra and cosmological parameters from Planck PR4 with CamSpec
• Lensing is Low: Cosmology, Galaxy Formation, or New Physics?
• Optical Design of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and the Millimeter Bolometric Array Camera
• A non-linear solution to the $S_8$ tension?
• Evidence for dark energy from the cosmic microwave background alone using the Atacama Cosmology Telescope lensing measurements
• Determining the neutrino mass with Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy - Project 8
• CMB temperature lensing power reconstruction
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Constraints on Pre-Recombination Early Dark Energy
• Cosmological constraints from unWISE and Planck CMB lensing tomography
• Cosmological constraints from the tomographic cross-correlation of DESI Luminous Red Galaxies and Planck CMB lensing
• Evidence of Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Dark Matter Halos
• Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: curved-sky weak lensing mass map reconstruction
• Evidence for suppression of structure growth in the concordance cosmological model
• A Measurement of Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Galaxy Clusters Using Data from the South Pole Telescope
• Constraints on Cosmological Parameters from the 500 deg${}^2$ SPTpol Lensing Power Spectrum
• The growth of density perturbations in the last $\sim$10 billion years from tomographic large-scale structure data
• Galaxy clustering in the DESI Legacy Survey and its imprint on the CMB
• Cosmology with the Galaxy Bispectrum Multipoles: Optimal Estimation and Application to BOSS Data
• Ultra-light axions and the $S_8$ tension: joint constraints from the cosmic microwave background and galaxy clustering
• Full covariance of CMB and lensing reconstruction power spectra
• Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: cosmological constraints from the analysis of cosmic shear in harmonic space
• DES Y3 cosmic shear down to small scales: constraints on cosmology and baryons
• Quadratic estimators for CMB weak lensing
• Non-Gaussian estimates of tensions in cosmological parameters
• A tale of two (or more) $h$'s
• Optimal CMB Lensing Reconstruction and Parameter Estimation with SPTpol Data
• Determining the Hubble Constant without the Sound Horizon: A $3.6\%$ Constraint on $H_0$ from Galaxy Surveys, CMB Lensing and Supernovae
• KiDS & Euclid: Cosmological implications of a pseudo angular power spectrum analysis of KiDS-1000 cosmic shear tomography
• Determining the Hubble Constant without the Sound Horizon: Perspectives with Future Galaxy Surveys
• Joint analysis of DES Year 3 data and CMB lensing from SPT and Planck II: Cross-correlation measurements and cosmological constraints
• Baryonic feedback biases on fundamental physics from lensed CMB power spectra
• Projected-Field Kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Cross-Correlations: Halo Model and Forecasts
• The Gravitational Lensing Signatures of BOSS Voids in the Cosmic Microwave Background
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Weighing distant clusters with the most ancient light
• A Unified Catalog-level Reanalysis of Stage-III Cosmic Shear Surveys
• Hyper Suprime-Cam Year 3 Results: Cosmology from Cosmic Shear Two-point Correlation Functions
• Avoiding baryonic feedback effects on neutrino mass measurements from CMB lensing
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Modeling Bulk Atmospheric Motion
• Bayesian Analysis of a Future Beta Decay Experiment's Sensitivity to Neutrino Mass Scale and Ordering
• RSD measurements from BOSS galaxy power spectrum using the halo perturbation theory model
• CMB lensing with shear-only reconstruction on the full sky
• Accurate estimation of angular power spectra for maps with correlated masks
• Assessing the robustness of sound horizon-free determinations of the Hubble constant
• Optimizing foreground mitigation for CMB lensing with combined multifrequency and geometric methods
• Constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity from halo bias measured through CMB lensing cross-correlations

Cited by in corpus (157)

• DESI 2024 VI: Cosmological Constraints from the Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
• DESI DR2 Results II: Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Cosmological Constraints
• The CosmoVerse White Paper: Addressing observational tensions in cosmology with systematics and fundamental physics
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Measurement of the DR6 CMB Lensing Power Spectrum and its Implications for Structure Growth
• DESI 2024 VII: Cosmological Constraints from the Full-Shape Modeling of Clustering Measurements
• Robust Preference for Dynamical Dark Energy in DESI BAO and SN Measurements
• Scant evidence for thawing quintessence
• Updated Cosmological Constraints in Extended Parameter Space with Planck PR4, DESI Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, and Supernovae: Dynamical Dark Energy, Neutrino Masses, Lensing Anomaly, and the Hubble Tension
• Quintessential interpretation of the evolving dark energy in light of DESI
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: Cosmology constraints from cluster abundances in the western Galactic hemisphere
• Using non-DESI data to confirm and strengthen the DESI 2024 spatially-flat $w_0{w}_a$CDM cosmological parameterization result
• Matching current observational constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy
• Neutrino cosmology after DESI: tightest mass upper limits, preference for the normal ordering, and tension with terrestrial observations
• An overview of what current data can (and cannot yet) say about evolving dark energy
• Cosmology in Extended Parameter Space with DESI Data Release 2 Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: A 2$\sigma$+ Detection of Nonzero Neutrino Masses with an Update on Dynamical Dark Energy and Lensing Anomaly
• Robustness of dark energy phenomenology across different parameterizations
• Cosmology From CMB Lensing and Delensed EE Power Spectra Using 2019-2020 SPT-3G Polarization Data
• Assessing cosmological evidence for non-minimal coupling
• Massive neutrinos and cosmic composition
• Dynamical Dark Energy Beyond Planck? Constraints from multiple CMB probes, DESI BAO and Type-Ia Supernovae
• SPT-3G D1: CMB temperature and polarization power spectra and cosmology from 2019 and 2020 observations of the SPT-3G Main field
• How much information can be extracted from galaxy clustering at the field level?
• The DESI DR1/DR2 evidence for dynamical dark energy is biased by low-redshift supernovae
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Cosmology from cross-correlations of unWISE galaxies and ACT DR6 CMB lensing
• Modified Gravity Constraints from the Full Shape Modeling of Clustering Measurements from DESI 2024
• Tightening the reins on non-minimal dark sector physics: Interacting Dark Energy with dynamical and non-dynamical equation of state
• Pressure Parametrization of Dark Energy: First and Second-Order Constraints with Latest Cosmological Data
• Inflation, the Hubble Tension and Early Dark Energy: an alternative overview
• Cosmic shear with small scales: DES-Y3, KiDS-1000 and HSC-DR1
• Scalar field dark energy models: Current and forecast constraints
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope DR6 and DESI: Structure formation over cosmic time with a measurement of the cross-correlation of CMB Lensing and Luminous Red Galaxies
• Impacts of dark energy on weighing neutrinos after DESI BAO
• $5\sigma$ tension between Planck cosmic microwave background and eBOSS Lyman-alpha forest and constraints on physics beyond $\Lambda$CDM
• Measuring the reionization optical depth without large-scale CMB polarization
• Inflationary Potential as seen from Different Angles: Model Compatibility from Multiple CMB Missions
• Cosmological constraints on Galileon dark energy with broken shift symmetry
• candl: Cosmic Microwave Background Analysis with a Differentiable Likelihood
• Cosmological constraints on nonphantom dynamical dark energy with DESI Data Release 2 Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: A 3$\sigma$+ lensing anomaly
• Constraints on primordial lepton asymmetries with full neutrino transport
• Dispu$\tau$able: the high cost of a low optical depth
• Optimal parameterizations for observational constraints on thawing dark energy
• Cosmological constraints from the cross-correlation of DESI Luminous Red Galaxies with CMB lensing from Planck PR4 and ACT DR6
• Revisiting the impact of neutrino mass hierarchies on neutrino mass constraints in light of recent DESI data
• Reconstructing dark energy with model independent methods after DESI DR2 BAO
• $\Lambda$CDM is alive and well
• Expansion-history preferences of DESI DR2 and external data
• Kick it like DESI: PNGB quintessence with a dynamically generated initial velocity
• Key drivers of the preference for dynamic dark energy
• Robust evidence for dynamical dark energy in light of DESI DR2 and joint ACT, SPT, and Planck data
• Unified and consistent structure growth measurements from joint ACT, SPT and \textit{Planck} CMB lensing
• Cosmological Perturbation Theory in Metric-Affine Gravity
• Planck-PR4 anisotropy spectra show (better) consistency with General Relativity
• Does DESI DR2 challenge $\Lambda$CDM paradigm ?
• Improved null tests of $\Lambda$CDM and FLRW in light of DESI DR2
• Measuring ${\sigma }_8$ using DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys Emission-Line Galaxies and Planck CMB Lensing and the Impact of Dust on Parameter Inference
• TDCOSMO. XVI. Measurement of the Hubble Constant from the Lensed Quasar WGD2038$-$4008
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey : Constraints on the structure growth from cluster number counts
• On DESI's DR2 exclusion of $\Lambda$CDM
• Cosmological constraints from weak lensing scattering transform using HSC Y1 data
• Constraining gravity with a new precision $E_G$ estimator using Planck + SDSS BOSS
• Positive neutrino masses with DESI DR2 via matter conversion to dark energy
• Status of the $S_8$ Tension: A 2026 Review of Probe Discrepancies
• Cosmological constraints of Palatini $f(\mathcal{R})$ gravity
• Shape of Dark Energy: Constraining Its Evolution with a General Parametrization
• LiteBIRD Science Goals and Forecasts: A full-sky measurement of gravitational lensing of the CMB
• The ACT-DR5 MCMF Galaxy Cluster Catalog
• How robust are the parameter constraints extending the $\Lambda$CDM model?
• Dark Degeneracy in DESI DR2: Interacting or Evolving Dark Energy?
• Fresh Look at Neutrino Self-Interactions With the Lyman-$\alpha$ Forest: Constraints from EFT and PRIYA Simulations
• Testing $\alpha$-attractor quintessential inflation against CMB and low-redshift data
• Abundance and properties of dark radiation from the cosmic microwave background
• A possible late-time transition of $M_B$ inferred via neural networks
• Axion star condensation around primordial black holes and microlensing limits
• Constraining Holographic Dark Energy and Analyzing Cosmological Tensions
• Bayesian and frequentist perspectives agree on dynamical dark energy
• Torsion cosmology in the light of DESI, supernovae and CMB observational constraints
• New Interpretations of the Cosmological Preference for a Negative Neutrino Mass
• Calibration-independent consistency test of DESI DR2 BAO and SNIa
• Probing Dark Relativistic Species and Their Interactions with Dark Matter through CMB and 21cm surveys
• Cosmology from Planck CMB Lensing and DESI DR1 Quasar Tomography
• Sound-Horizon-Agnostic Inference of the Hubble Constant and Neutrino Mass from BAO, CMB Lensing, and Galaxy Weak Lensing and Clustering
• Measuring the matter fluctuations in the Local Universe with the ALFALFA catalog
• Metastability in Emergent Dark Energy: A New Framework Confronting Cosmological Observations
• Imprint of massive neutrinos on Persistent Homology of large-scale structure
• Can the sound horizon-free measurement of $H_0$ constrain early new physics?
• A solution to the S8 tension through neutrino-dark matter interactions
• Axions in Andromeda: Searching for Minicluster -- Neutron Star Encounters with the Green Bank Telescope
• Lensing amplitude anomaly and varying electron mass alleviate the Hubble and $S_8$ tensions
• Evidence for evolving dark energy from DESI DR2 BAO and Pantheon${}^{+}$, DES-Dovekie, and Union3
• Impact of Low ell's on Large Scale Structure Anomalies
• On Evidence for Elastic Interactions in the Dark Sector
• Measurement of the Weyl potential evolution from the first three years of Dark Energy Survey data
• Exponential quintessence with momentum coupling to dark matter
• Is Chevallier-Polarski-Linder dark energy a mirage?
• Constraints on the Hubble and matter density parameters with and without modelling the CMB anisotropies
• Cosmology and Astrophysics with the Diffuse eRASS1 X-ray Angular Power Spectrum
• Dynamical Dark Energy and the Unresolved Hubble Tension: Multi-model Constraints from DESI 2025 and Other Probes
• Measuring neutrino mass in light of ACT DR6 and DESI DR2
• Cosmoglobe DR1. III. First full-sky model of polarized synchrotron emission from all WMAP and Planck LFI data
• Constraining Hot Dark Matter Sub-Species with Weak Lensing and the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
• Constraints on the varying electron mass and early dark energy in light of ACT DR6 and DESI DR2 and the implications for inflation
• Neutrino decays as a natural explanation of the neutrino mass tension
• Cosmic Strings as Dynamical Dark Energy: Novel Constraints
• Reconstructing the epoch of reionisation with Planck PR4
• Sound Horizon Independent Constraints on Early Dark Energy: The Role of Supernova Data
• Effective field theory of coupled dark energy and dark matter
• $H_0$ Without the Sound Horizon (or Supernovae): A 2% Measurement in DESI DR1
• A halo model of extragalactic contamination to CMB lensing, delensing, and cross-correlations
• A flexible parameterization to test early physics solutions to the Hubble tension with future CMB data
• The Velocity Field Olympics: Assessing velocity field reconstructions with direct distance tracers
• Thawing Quintessence: Priors, evidence, and likely trajectories
• A test for the redshift dependence of ${\sigma }_8$ using $f{\sigma }_8$ measurements
• Cool dark sector, concordance, and a low ${\sigma }_8$
• A Novel Bispectrum Estimator of the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect using Projected Fields
• Dissipative Emergence of Inflation from Quasi-Cyclic Universe
• Impact of Galactic non-Gaussian foregrounds on CMB lensing measurements
• ForSE+: Simulating non-Gaussian CMB foregrounds at 3 arcminutes in a stochastic way based on a generative adversarial network
• Do JWST reionization (optical depth) puzzle, cosmological tensions, and CMB anomalies imply Harrison-Zel'dovich spectrum?
• Non-linear structure formation with elastic interactions in the dark sector
• KiDS-Legacy: Constraining dark energy, neutrino mass, and curvature
• Degrees of Freedom of New General Relativity I: Type 2, Type 3, Type 5, and Type 8
• Sensitive 3mm Imaging of Discrete Sources in the Fields of tSZ-Selected Galaxy Clusters
• Inference of matter power spectrum at z=0 using DESI DR1 Full-Shape data
• Model-independent calibration of Gamma-Ray Bursts with neural networks
• Cosmological Constraints on Neutrino Masses in a Second-Order CPL Dark Energy Model
• Constraint on Neutrino Statistics from Cosmological Data
• Cross-correlating the patchy screening and kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effects as a new probe of reionization
• Constraining Power of Wavelet vs. Power Spectrum Statistics for CMB Lensing and Weak Lensing with Learned Binning
• Fifty shades of grayness: parametrizations of spectral distortions and applications in cosmology
• Neutrino Emission and Plasma Heating from Primordial Black Holes: An Improved Approach to $N_{\mathrm{eff}}$ Constraints
• The cosmological Mass Varying Neutrino model in the late universe
• Refitting cosmological data with neutrino mass and degeneracy
• Cluster optical depth and pairwise velocity estimation using machine learning
• Conformal Killing Gravity: New Constraints from DESI DR2 BAO datasets
• Power Spectrum Emulators from Neural Networks and Tree-Based Methods
• LiteBIRD science goals and forecasts: improved full-sky reconstruction of the gravitational lensing potential through the combination of Planck and LiteBIRD data
• Can dark energy explain a high growth index?
• Breaking Free from the Swampland of Impossible Universes through the DESI Portal
• CMB lensing tomography with clustering estimation of lens redshift distributions
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A demonstration of CMB lensing measurement from daytime data
• Dark Matter Recoupling
• Constraints on the Modified Emergent Dark Energy Model Using DESI DR2 BAO
• Time-dependent deflection reconstruction: new technique to search for gravitational waves with the cosmic microwave background
• Running the small-correlated-against-large estimator at scale: Applications of small-scale CMB lensing estimators on realistic simulations
• Statistical consistency of sign-switching vacuum energy with cosmological observations
• Revisiting the CMB homogeneity scale: low multipoles removal effect and extragalactic foreground masking
• Beyond thermal approximations: Precise cosmological bounds on Axion-Like Particles
• A Novel kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Estimator for Electron-Electron Correlations
• How to embed any likelihood into SBI: Application to Planck + Stage IV galaxy surveys and Dynamical Dark Energy
• Scaling solutions in three-form cosmology
• Confirming the uniformity of the Hubble flow with Pantheon+ Supernovae
• Testing the Anton-Schmidt dark energy model with the DESI DR2 measurements
• Calibration-independent consistency test of BAO and SNIa data: update
• Testing string theory with combined cosmological probes: a case study for dark matter gravitons
• Resolving the Hubble Tension in the Early Dark Energy Framework with JWST and DESI Data
• No preference for generalized emergent dark energy from current cosmological data
• Searching for Dark Structures: A Comparison of Weak-lensing Convergence Maps and Lensing-weighted Galaxy Density Maps