Model-independent analyses of non-Gaussianity in Planck CMB maps using Minkowski Functionals

Abstract

Despite the wealth of $Planck$ results, there are difficulties in disentangling the primordial non-Gaussianity of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) from the secondary and the foreground non-Gaussianity (NG). For each of these forms of NG the lack of complete data introduces model-dependencies. Aiming at detecting the NGs of the CMB temperature anisotropy $\delta T$, while paying particular attention to a model-independent quantification of NGs, our analysis is based upon statistical and morphological univariate descriptors, respectively: the probability density function $P(\delta T)$, related to ${\mathrm{v}}_0$, the first Minkowski Functional (MF), and the two other MFs, ${\mathrm{v}}_1$ and ${\mathrm{v}}_2$. From their analytical Gaussian predictions we build the discrepancy functions ${\Delta }_k$ ($k=P,0,1,2$) which are applied to an ensemble of $10^5$ CMB realization maps of the $\Lambda$CDM model and to the $Planck$ CMB maps. In our analysis we use general Hermite expansions of the ${\Delta }_k$ up to the $12^{th}$ order, where the coefficients are explicitly given in terms of cumulants. Assuming hierarchical ordering of the cumulants, we obtain the perturbative expansions generalizing the $2^{nd}$ order expansions of Matsubara to arbitrary order in the standard deviation ${\sigma }_0$ for $P(\delta T)$ and ${\mathrm{v}}_0$, where the perturbative expansion coefficients are explicitly given in terms of complete Bell polynomials. The comparison of the Hermite expansions and the perturbative expansions is performed for the $\Lambda$CDM map sample and the $Planck$ data. We confirm the weak level of non-Gaussianity ($1$-$2$)$\sigma$ of the foreground corrected masked $Planck$ $2015$ maps.

arXiv commentInvited article for focus issue "Planck and fundamentals of cosmology", matches published version in Classical and Quantum Gravity, 55 pages, 14 figures

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