An empirical consistent redshift bias: A possible direct reproducible observation of Zwicky's TL theory

Abstract

Recent advancements have shown tensions between observations and our current understanding of the Universe. Such observations may include the $H_o$ tension and massive galaxies at high redshifts that are older than what traditional galaxy formation models predicted. Since these observations are based on the redshift as the primary distance indicator, a bias in the redshift may explain these tensions. While the redshift follows an established model, when applied to astronomy it is based on the assumption that the rotational velocity of the Milky Way galaxy relative to the observed galaxies has a negligible effect on the redshift. But given the mysterious nature of the physics of galaxy rotation, that assumption should be tested. The test is done by comparing the redshift of galaxies rotating in the same direction relative to the Milky Way to the redshift of galaxies rotating in the opposite direction relative to the Milky Way. The results show that the mean redshift of galaxies that rotate in the same direction relative to the Milky Way is higher than the mean redshift of galaxies that rotate in the opposite direction. Additionally, the redshift difference becomes larger as the redshift gets higher. The consistency of the analysis was verified by comparing data collected by three different telescopes, annotated using four different methods, released by three different research teams, and cover both the Northern and Southern ends of the galactic pole. All datasets are in excellent agreement with each other, showing consistency in the observed redshift bias. Given the "reproducibility crisis" in science, all datasets used in this study are publicly available, and the results can be easily reproduced. The observation could be a first direct empirical reproducible observation for the Zwicky's "tired-light" model.

URLs to the datasets to reproduce all experiments are provided inside the manuscript

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