Rates of Strongly Lensed Tidal Disruption Events

Abstract

In the coming years, surveys such as the Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) are expected to increase the number of observed Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs) substantially. We employ Monte Carlo integration to calculate the unlensed and lensed TDE rate as a function of limiting magnitude in $u$, $g$, $r$, and $i$-bands. We investigate the impact of multiple luminosity models, black hole mass functions (BHMFs), and flare temperatures on the TDE rate. Notably, this includes a semi-analytical model, which enables the determination of the TDE temperature in terms of black hole (BH) mass. We predict the highest unlensed TDE rate to be in $g$-band. It ranges from $16$ to $5,440{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}(20,000{\mathrm{deg}}^2{)}^{-1}$ for the Zwicky Transient Facility, being more consistent with the observed rate at the low end. For LSST, we expect a rate in $g$-band between $3,580$ and $82,060{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}(20,000{\mathrm{deg}}^2{)}^{-1}$. A higher theoretical prediction is understandable, as we do not consider observational effects such as completeness. The unlensed and lensed TDE rates are insensitive to the redshift evolution of the BHMF, even for LSST limiting magnitudes. The best band for detecting lensed TDEs is also $g$-band. Its predicted rates range from $0.43$ to $15{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}(20,000{\mathrm{deg}}^2{)}^{-1}$ for LSST. The scatter of predicted rates reduces when we consider the fraction of lensed TDEs; that is, a few in ten thousand TDEs will be lensed. Despite the large scatter in the rates of lensed TDEs, our comprehensive considerations of multiple models suggest that lensed TDEs will occur in the $10$-year LSST lifetime, providing an exciting prospect for detecting such events. We expect the median redshift of a lensed TDE to be between $1.5$ and $2$. In this paper, we additionally report on lensed TDE properties, such as the BH mass and time delays.

arXiv comment14 pages, 13 figures, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

References in corpus (46)

• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products
• The Zwicky Transient Facility: System Overview, Performance, and First Results
• The COSMOS2015 Catalog: Exploring the 1<z<6 Universe with half a million galaxies
• Tidal Disruption Events
• Is There A Cosmological Constant?
• Quantitative Interpretation of Quasar Microlensing Light Curves
• Is the Observable Universe Consistent with the Cosmological Principle?
• Weighing Black Holes using Tidal Disruption Events
• Luminous Thermal Flares from Quiescent Supermassive Black Holes
• MOSFiT: Modular Open-Source Fitter for Transients
• Spectrophotometric Libraries, Revised Photonic Passbands and Zero-points for UBVRI, Hipparcos and Tycho Photometry
• The Final Season Reimagined: 30 Tidal Disruption Events from the ZTF-I Survey
• A Huge Drop in X-ray Luminosity of the Non-Active Galaxy RXJ1242.6-1119A, and First Post-Flare Spectrum - Testing the Tidal Disruption Scenario
• Inhomogeneity and the foundations of concordance cosmology
• Candidate Tidal Disruption Event AT2019fdr Coincident with a High-Energy Neutrino
• The Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey: statistical strong lensing, cosmological parameters, and global properties of galaxy populations
• Geocentrism reexamined
• The Prospects of Observing Tidal Disruption Events with the LSST
• Measuring stellar and black hole masses of tidal disruption events
• The image separation distribution of strong lenses: Halo versus subhalo populations
• Tidal Disruptions of Main Sequence Stars -- I. Observable Quantities and their Dependence on Stellar and Black Hole Mass
• Trinity I: Self-Consistently Modeling the Dark Matter Halo-Galaxy-Supermassive Black Hole Connection from $z=0-10$
• Microlensing of Extremely Magnified Stars near Caustics of Galaxy Clusters
• The Rise and Fall of ASASSN-18pg: Following a TDE from Early To Late Times
• Distinguishing Tidal Disruption Events from Impostors
• Exploring the local black hole mass function below $10^6$ solar masses
• Enhancement of the tidal disruption event rate in galaxies with a nuclear star cluster: from dwarfs to ellipticals
• HOLISMOKES -- III. Achromatic Phase of Strongly Lensed Type Ia Supernovae
• Strong lensing statistics in large, z~<0.2 surveys: bias in the lens galaxy population
• The Impact of Observing Strategy on Cosmological Constraints with LSST
• Examining a Peak-Luminosity/Decline-Rate Relationship for Tidal Disruption Events
• The Prospects of Finding Tidal Disruption Events with 2.5-Metre Wide-Field Survey Telescope (WFST) Based on Mock Observations
• Identifying Tidal Disruption Events with an Expansion of the FLEET Machine Learning Algorithm
• Observable gravitational waves from tidal disruption events and their electromagnetic counterpart
• An Efficient Method for Simulating Light Curves of Cosmological Microlensing and Caustic Crossing Events
• The gravitational wave background signal from tidal disruption events
• Revisiting the Rates and Demographics of Tidal Disruption Events: Effects of the Disk Formation Efficiency
• Testing the isotropy of cosmic acceleration with Pantheon+ and SH0ES: A cosmographic analysis
• Rates of Stellar Tidal Disruption Events around Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• $\text{tdescore}$: An Accurate Photometric Classifier for Tidal Disruption Events
• Lensing of gravitational waves from tidal disruption events
• The evolution of supermassive blackhole mass--bulge mass relation by a semi-analytic model, ${\nu }^2$GC
• Strong lensing of tidal disruption events: Detection rates in imaging surveys
• Identification of Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates Among a Sample of Sd Galaxies
• A search for intermediate-mass black holes in compact stellar systems through optical emissions from tidal disruption events

Cited by in corpus (1)

• Asymmetrical thermonuclear supernovae triggered by the tidal disruption of white dwarfs