Generalised model-independent characterisation of strong gravitational lenses V: reconstructing the lensing distance ratio by supernovae for a general Friedmann universe

Abstract

We determine the cosmic expansion rate from supernovae of type Ia to set up a data-based distance measure that does not make assumptions about the constituents of the universe, i.e. about a specific parametrisation of a Friedmann cosmological model. The scale, determined by the Hubble constant $H_0$, is the only free cosmological parameter left in the gravitational lensing formalism. We investigate to which accuracy and precision the lensing distance ratio $D$ is determined from the Pantheon sample. Inserting $D$ and its uncertainty into the lensing equations for given $H_0$, esp. the time-delay equation between a pair of multiple images, allows to determine lens properties, esp. differences in the lensing potential ($\Delta \varphi$), without specifying a cosmological model. We expand the luminosity distances into an analytic orthonormal basis, determine the maximum-likelihood weights for the basis functions by a globally optimal ${\chi }^2$-parameter estimation, and derive confidence bounds by Monte-Carlo simulations. For typical strong lensing configurations between $z=0.5$ and $z=1.0$, $\Delta \varphi$ can be determined with a relative imprecision of 1.7%, assuming imprecisions of the time delay and the redshift of the lens on the order of 1%. With only a small, tolerable loss in precision, the model-independent lens characterisation developed in this paper series can be generalised by dropping the specific Friedmann model to determine $D$ in favour of a data-based distance ratio. Moreover, for any astrophysical application, the approach presented here, provides distance measures for $z\le 2.3$ that are valid in any homogeneous, isotropic universe with general relativity as theory of gravity.

16 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS, comments welcome

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