Secular- and merger-built bulges in barred galaxies

Abstract

(Abridged) We study the incidence, as well as the nature, of composite bulges in a sample of 10 face-on barred galaxies to constrain the formation and evolutionary processes of the central regions of disk galaxies. We analyze the morphological, photometric, and kinematic properties of each bulge. Then, by using a case-by-case analysis we identify composite bulges and classify every component into a classical or pseudobulge. In addition, bar-related boxy/peanut (B/P) structures were also identified and characterised. We find only three galaxies hosting a single-component bulge (two pseudobulges and one classical bulge). We find evidence of composite bulges coming in two main types based on their formation: secular-built and merger- and secular-built. We call secular-built to composite bulges made of entirely by structures associated with secular processes such as pseudo bulges, central disks, or B/P bulges. We find four composite bulges of this kind in our sample. On the other hand, merger- and secular-built bulges are those where structures with different formation paths coexist within the same galaxy, i.e., a classical bulge coexisting with a secular-built structure (pseudobulge, central disk, or B/P). Three bulges of this kind were found in the sample. We remark on the importance of detecting kinematic structures such as sigma-drops to identify composite bulges. A large fraction (80%) of galaxies were found to host sigma-drops or sigma-plateaus in our sample revealing their high incidence in barred galaxies. The high frequency of composite bulges in barred galaxies points towards a complex formation and evolutionary scenario. Moreover, the evidence for coexisting merger- and secular-built bulges reinforce this idea. We discuss how the presence of different bulge types, with different formation histories and timescales, can constrain current models of bulge formation.

arXiv comment20 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (78)

• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• Detailed Structural Decomposition of Galaxy Images
• Modeling feedback from stars and black holes in galaxy mergers
• Parametric Recovery of Line-of-Sight Velocity Distributions from Absorption-Line Spectra of Galaxies via Penalized Likelihood
• Secular Evolution and the Formation of Pseudobulges in Disk Galaxies
• The Eighth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Data from SDSS-III
• On the shape of the light profiles of early-type galaxies
• The Indo-U.S. Library of Coude Feed Stellar Spectra
• Structural Properties of Pseudo-Bulges, Classical Bulges and Elliptical Galaxies: an SDSS Perspective
• Morphology, photometry and kinematics of N-body bars. I Three models with different halo central concentrations
• Rapid formation of exponential disks and bulges at high redshift from the dynamical evolution of clump cluster and chain galaxies
• Mergers and Bulge Formation in Lambda-CDM: Which Mergers Matter?
• The DEEP Groth Strip Survey II. Hubble Space Telescope Structural Parameters of Galaxies in the Groth Strip
• Evolution of Stellar Bars in Live Axisymmetric Halos: Recurrent Buckling and Secular Growth
• The Ages of Elliptical Galaxies in a Merger Model
• An HST Census of Nuclear Star Clusters in Late-Type Spiral Galaxies: I. Observations and Image Analysis
• The Structure of Classical Bulges And Pseudobulges: The Link Between Pseudobulges And Sersic Index
• Bar formation and evolution in disc galaxies with gas and a triaxial halo: Morphology, bar strength and halo properties
• Empirical calibration of the near-IR Ca II triplet - I. The stellar library and index definition
• Nested and Single Bars in Seyfert and Non-Seyfert Galaxies
• The population of barred galaxies in the local universe I. Detection and characterisation of bars
• Supermassive black holes do not correlate with galaxy disks or pseudobulges
• Multicomponent Decompositions for a Sample of S0 galaxies
• The SAURON project - VII. Integral-field absorption and emission-line kinematics of 24 spiral galaxy bulges
• The Nature of Boxy/Peanut-Shaped Bulges in Spiral Galaxies
• The effects of seeing on Sersic profiles. II. The Moffat PSF
• The DiskMass Survey. I. Overview
• AINUR: Atlas of Images of NUclear Rings
• BUDDA: A New Two-Dimensional Bulge/Disk Decomposition Code for Detailed Structural Analysis of Galaxies
• Properties of Bars and Bulges in the Hubble Sequence
• Image Decomposition of Barred Galaxies and AGN Hosts
• Growth of Galactic Bulges by Mergers: I. Dense Satellites
• Star formation history of barred disc galaxies
• Bar Diagnostics in Edge-On Spiral Galaxies. III. N-Body Simulations of Disks
• Box- and peanut-shaped bulges: I. Statistics
• The two-phase formation history of spiral galaxies traced by the cosmic evolution of the bar fraction
• Clues to Nuclear Star Cluster Formation from Edge-on Spirals
• Galaxy Zoo: Observing Secular Evolution Through Bars
• The Evolution of Barred Spiral Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Fields North and South
• Dynamics of embedded bars and the connection with AGN. I. ISAAC/VLT stellar kinematics
• Demographics of Bulge Types within 11 Mpc and Implications for Galaxy Evolution
• Bulges or Bars from Secular Evolution?
• The Formation of a Disk Galaxy within a Growing Dark Halo
• Stellar Kinematics of Boxy Bulges: Large-Scale Bars and Inner Disks
• Peanuts at an Angle: Detecting and Measuring the Three-Dimensional Structure of Bars in Moderately Inclined Galaxies
• Galactic Bulges from HST NICMOS Observations: central galaxian objects, and nuclear profile slopes
• Kinematic Properties and Stellar Populations of Faint Early-Type Galaxies. I. Velocity Dispersion Measurements of Central Coma Galaxies
• The SAURON project - XI. Stellar Populations from Absorption Line Strength Maps of 24 Early-Type Spirals
• A Connection Between Bulge Properties and the Bimodality of Galaxies
• The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: The luminosity functions of bulges and discs and their implied stellar mass densities
• The old and heavy bulge of M31 I. Kinematics and stellar populations
• The Kinematic Signature of Face-On Peanut-Shaped Bulges
• When Is a Bulge Not a Bulge? Inner Disks Masquerading as Bulges in NGC 2787 and NGC 3945
• Do black hole masses scale with classical bulge luminosities only? The case of the two composite pseudobulge galaxies NGC3368 and NGC3489
• Growth of galactic bulges by mergers. II. Low-density satellites
• Bars, ovals and lenses in early-type disk galaxies: probes of galaxy evolution
• Morphological Classification of the OSU Bright Spiral Galaxy Survey
• Kinematic Signatures of Bulges Correlate with Bulge Morphologies and Sérsic Index
• Optical Surface Photometry of a Sample of Disk Galaxies. II Structural Components
• A minor merger origin for stellar inner discs and rings in spiral galaxies
• Bulges on the Fundamental Plane of Early-Type Galaxies
• Stellar Populations of Bulges in 14 Cluster Disc Galaxies
• Confirmation of a Kinematic Diagnostic for Face-On B/P Bulges
• Photometric properties and origin of bulges in SB0 galaxies
• Study of the stellar line-strength indices and kinematics along bars
• Bulge and Halo Kinematics Across the Hubble Sequence
• Do Bars Drive Spiral Density Waves?
• On the Lengths, Colors and Ages of 18 Face-On Bars
• Detection of a Pseudobulge Hidden Inside the "Box-Shaped Bulge" of NGC 4565
• The Vertical Stellar Kinematics in Face-On Barred Galaxies: Estimating the Ages of Bars
• Constraining the formation of inner bars. Photometry, kinematics and stellar populations in NGC 357
• Polar bulges and polar nuclear discs: the case of NGC 4698
• On the morphology of sigma-drop galaxies
• Stellar kinematics in double-barred galaxies: the sigma-hollows
• Lifetime of nuclear velocity dispersion drops in barred galaxies
• Multiband photometric decomposition of nuclear stellar disks
• Two Pseudobulges in the "Boxy Bulge" Galaxy NGC 5746
• Velocity dispersion measurements of dwarf galaxies in the Coma cluster - implications for the structure of the fundamental plane

Cited by in corpus (83)

• Chemodynamical history of the Galactic Bulge
• The wide-field, multiplexed, spectroscopic facility WEAVE: Survey design, overview, and simulated implementation
• Separation of Stellar Populations by an Evolving Bar: Implications for the Bulge of the Milky Way
• Two-dimensional multi-component photometric decomposition of CALIFA galaxies
• Kinematic signatures of nuclear discs and bar-driven secular evolution in nearby galaxies of the MUSE TIMER project
• On the nature of the barlens component in barred galaxies: what do boxy/peanut bulges look like when viewed face-on?
• The inside-out formation of nuclear discs and the absence of old central spheroids in barred galaxies of the TIMER survey
• Bulge Formation via Mergers in Cosmological Simulations
• 2D kinematic signatures of boxy/peanut bulges
• MUSE tells the story of NGC 4371: The dawning of secular evolution
• A Milky Way-like barred spiral galaxy at a redshift of 3
• Star formation in the local Universe from the CALIFA sample. II. Activation and quenching mechanisms in bulges, bars, and disks
• Barlenses and X-shape features compared: different manifestations of Boxy/Peanut bulges
• Bar-induced central star formation as revealed by integral field spectroscopy from CALIFA
• Bar pattern speeds in CALIFA galaxies II. The case of weakly barred galaxies
• Kinematic decomposition of IllustrisTNG disk galaxies: morphology and relation with morphological structures
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: the indispensable role of bars in enhancing the central star formation of low-$z$ galaxies
• Observed properties of boxy/peanut/barlens bulges
• The distribution of star formation in galactic bars as seen with H$\alpha$ and stacked GALEX UV imaging
• Stellar populations in the bulges of isolated galaxies
• The incidence of bar-like kinematic flows in CALIFA galaxies
• Introducing galactic structure finder: the multiple stellar kinematic structures of a simulated Milky Way mass galaxy
• The BaLROG project - I. Quantifying the influence of bars on the kinematics of nearby galaxies
• A duality in the origin of bulges and spheroidal galaxies
• NIHAO XVI: The properties and evolution of kinematically selected discs, bulges and stellar haloes
• Clocking the assembly of double-barred galaxies with the MUSE TIMER project
• Arm and interarm abundance gradients in CALIFA spiral galaxies
• Spectro-photometric decomposition of galaxy structural components
• The origin of bulges and discs in the CALIFA survey: I. Morphological evolution
• Star-formation in CALIFA early-type galaxies. A matter of discs
• The BaLROG project - II. Quantifying the influence of bars on the stellar populations of nearby galaxies
• Inner bars also buckle. The MUSE TIMER view of the double-barred galaxy NGC 1291
• A combined photometric and kinematic recipe for evaluating the nature of bulges using the CALIFA sample
• NGC 5746: formation history of a massive disc-dominated galaxy
• The Milky Way Bulge: Observed properties and a comparison to external galaxies
• Observational hints for radial migration in disc galaxies from CALIFA
• Study of the stellar population properties in the discs of ten spiral galaxies
• No evidence for small disk-like bulges in a sample of late-type spirals
• Central enhancement of the nitrogen-to-oxygen abundance ratio in barred galaxies
• Composite Bulges -- II. Classical Bulges and Nuclear Discs in Barred Galaxies: The Contrasting Cases of NGC 4608 and NGC 4643
• On the observational diagnostics to separate classical and disk-like bulges
• Deconstructing double-barred galaxies in 2D and 3D. I. Classical nature of the dominant bulges
• Evidence of a fast bar in the weakly-interacting galaxy NGC 4264 with MUSE
• The GECKOS Survey: Identifying kinematic sub-structures in edge-on galaxies
• The intrinsic shape of bulges in the CALIFA survey
• Formation of S0s in extreme environments II: the star-formation histories of bulges, discs and lenses
• The density of dark matter haloes of early-type galaxies in low-density environments
• The buildup of galaxies and their spheroids: the contributions of mergers, disc instabilities and star formation
• Galaxies within galaxies in the TIMER survey: stellar populations of inner bars are scaled replicas of main bars
• High-resolution MEGARA IFU spectroscopy and structural analysis of a fast-rotating, disky bulge in NGC 7025
• Bar ages derived for the first time in nearby galaxies: Insights on secular evolution from the TIMER sample
• B/PS bulges in DESI Legacy edge-on galaxies I: Sample building
• Fossil group origins IX. Probing the formation of fossil galaxy groups with stellar population gradients of their central galaxies
• Kinematic properties of double-barred galaxies: simulations vs. integral-field observations
• Barlenses in the CALIFA survey: combining the photometric and stellar population analysis
• The Relative Growth of Black Holes and of the Stellar Components of Galaxies
• Stellar kinematics in the nuclear regions of nearby LIRGs with VLT-SINFONI. Comparison with gas phases and implications for dynamical mass estimations
• Comparing the properties of the X-shaped bulges of NGC 4710 and the Milky Way with MUSE
• Dynamical structure of small bulges reveals their early formation in ΛCDM paradigm
• Red galaxies with pseudo-bulges in the SDSS: closer to disk galaxies or to classical bulges?
• The intrinsic three-dimensional shape of galactic bars
• Deconstructing double-barred galaxies in 2D and 3D. II. Two distinct groups of inner bars
• Colors of barlenses: evidence for connecting them to boxy/peanut bulges
• The intrinsic shape of galaxy bulges
• Serendipitous discovery of a strong-lensed galaxy in integral field spectroscopy from MUSE
• A photometric analysis of Abell 1689: two-dimensional multi-structure decomposition, morphological classification, and the Fundamental Plane
• Photometric and kinematic DiskFit models of four nearby spiral galaxies
• Tailoring galaxies: size-luminosity-surface brightness relations of bulges and disks along the morphological sequence
• Growth of disc-like pseudo-bulges in SDSS DR7 since z = 0.1
• Bayesian bulge-disc decomposition of galaxy images
• The clustering of galaxies with pseudo bulge and classical bulge in the local Universe
• A newly identified galaxy group thanks to tidal streams of intragroup light
• Stringent limits on the masses of the supermassive black holes in seven nearby galaxies
• Unveiling the kinematics of a central region in the triple AGN host NGC 7733-7734 interacting group
• The multi-zone chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge: predicting abundances for different radial zones
• A MaNGA view of isolated galaxy mergers in the star-forming Main Sequence
• Search for Slow Bars in Two Barred Galaxies with Nuclear Structures: NGC 6951 and NGC 7716
• RXCJ1111.6+4050 galaxy cluster: the observational evidence of a transitional fossil group
• Orbit-based structural decomposition and stellar population recovery for edge-on barred galaxies
• The Nuclear Star Cluster of M 74: a fossil record of the very early stages of a star-forming galaxy
• Investigating the Bulge Morphology of Dual AGN Host Galaxies from the GOTHIC survey
• High and low Sérsic index bulges in Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies: origin and connection to the bar with TNG50
• From naked spheroids to disky galaxies: how do massive disk galaxies shape their morphology?