4MOST: Project overview and information for the First Call for Proposals

Abstract

We introduce the 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (4MOST), a new high-multiplex, wide-field spectroscopic survey facility under development for the four-metre-class Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) at Paranal. Its key specifications are: a large field of view (FoV) of 4.2 square degrees and a high multiplex capability, with 1624 fibres feeding two low-resolution spectrographs ($R=\lambda /\Delta \lambda \sim 6500$), and 812 fibres transferring light to the high-resolution spectrograph ($R\sim 20000$). After a description of the instrument and its expected performance, a short overview is given of its operational scheme and planned 4MOST Consortium science; these aspects are covered in more detail in other articles in this edition of The Messenger. Finally, the processes, schedules, and policies concerning the selection of ESO Community Surveys are presented, commencing with a singular opportunity to submit Letters of Intent for Public Surveys during the first five years of 4MOST operations.

arXiv commentPart of the 4MOST issue of The Messenger, published in preparation of 4MOST Community Workshop, see http://www.eso.org/sci/meetings/2019/4MOST.html

Cited by in corpus (205)

• The GALAH+ Survey: Third Data Release
• Design and operation of the ATLAS Transient Science Server
• Probing the interior physics of stars through asteroseismology
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Data Release 4 and the z < 0.1 total and z < 0.08 morphological galaxy stellar mass functions
• The wide-field, multiplexed, spectroscopic facility WEAVE: Survey design, overview, and simulated implementation
• Be it therefore resolved: Cosmological Simulations of Dwarf Galaxies with Extreme Resolution
• VINTERGATAN I: The origins of chemically, kinematically and structurally distinct discs in a simulated Milky Way-mass galaxy
• The Global Dynamical Atlas of the Milky Way mergers: Constraints from Gaia EDR3 based orbits of globular clusters, stellar streams and satellite galaxies
• Overview of the DESI Milky Way Survey
• Robust Data-driven Metallicities for 175 Million Stars from Gaia XP Spectra
• The chemical characterisation of halo substructure in the Milky Way based on APOGEE
• Detection of the Milky Way reflex motion due to the Large Magellanic Cloud infall
• SPICY: The Spitzer/IRAC Candidate YSO Catalog for the Inner Galactic Midplane
• $S^5$: Probing the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds potentials with the 6-D map of the Orphan-Chenab stream
• Selecting accreted populations: metallicity, elemental abundances, and ages of the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus and Sequoia populations
• Detection of the LMC-induced sloshing of the Galactic halo
• All-purpose, all-sky photometric redshifts for the Legacy Imaging Surveys Data Release 8
• Overview of the LAMOST survey in the first decade
• The GALAH Survey: Chemical tagging and chrono-chemodynamics of accreted halo stars with GALAH+ DR3 and $Gaia$ eDR3
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Assimilation of KiDS into the GAMA database
• The 40 pc sample of white dwarfs from Gaia
• In the Galactic disk, stellar [Fe/H] and age predict orbits and precise [X/Fe]
• OzDES multi-object fibre spectroscopy for the Dark Energy Survey: Results and second data release
• The mass of the Milky Way out to 100 kpc using halo stars
• VINTERGATAN II: the history of the Milky Way told by its mergers
• Galactic Archaeology with Gaia
• $\text{Gaia}$ white dwarfs within 40 pc I: spectroscopic observations of new candidates
• Proper Motions of Stellar Streams Discovered in the Dark Energy Survey
• The Impact of Metallicity on the Evolution of Rotation and Magnetic Activity of Sun-Like Stars
• The Pristine Survey -- VI. The first three years of medium-resolution follow-up spectroscopy of Pristine EMP star candidates
• Catalogues of Active Galactic Nuclei From Gaia and unWISE Data
• The first ultracompact Roche lobe-filling hot subdwarf binary
• The Alma catalog of OB stars. II. A cross-match with Gaia DR2 and an updated map of the solar neighbourhood
• The BAyesian STellar Algorithm (BASTA): a fitting tool for stellar studies, asteroseismology, exoplanets, and Galactic archaeology
• Pristine IX: CFHT ESPaDOnS Spectroscopic Analysis of 115 Bright Metal-Poor Candidate Stars
• The completed SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Cosmological implications from multi-tracer BAO analysis with galaxies and voids
• 3-D gas-phase elemental abundances across the formation histories of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations: initial conditions for chemical tagging
• The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) II: Uncovering the most metal-poor populations in the inner Milky Way
• IllustrisTNG in the HSC-SSP: image data release and the major role of mini mergers as drivers of asymmetry and star formation
• DASH: Deep Learning for the Automated Spectral Classification of Supernovae and their Hosts
• $\text{Gaia}$ white dwarfs within 40 pc III: spectroscopic observations of new candidates in the southern hemisphere
• BACCHUS Analysis of Weak Lines in APOGEE Spectra (BAWLAS)
• Ultra-faint dwarf galaxies: unveiling the minimum mass of the first stars
• The Pan-STARRS1 z>5.6 quasar survey II: Discovery of 55 Quasars at 5.6<z<6.5
• The contribution of N-rich stars to the Galactic stellar halo using APOGEE red giants
• COSMIC BIRTH: Efficient Bayesian Inference of the Evolving Cosmic Web from Galaxy Surveys
• The Kinematic Properties of Milky Way Stellar Halo Populations
• The Zwicky Transient Facility Type Ia supernova survey: first data release and results
• Constraining churning and blurring in the Milky Way using large spectroscopic surveys -- an exploratory study
• The quiescent fraction of isolated low surface brightness galaxies: Observational constraints
• The VMC survey -- XLIV: Mapping metallicity trends in the Large Magellanic Cloud using near-infrared passbands
• Gaia DR3 in 6D: The search for fast hypervelocity stars and constraints on the Galactic Centre environment
• Horizon-AGN virtual observatory -- 2: Template-free estimates of galaxy properties from colours
• On the inconsistency of [C/Fe] abundances and the fractions of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars among various stellar surveys
• Gaia EDR3 in 6D: Searching for unbound stars in the Galaxy
• Do model emission line galaxies live in filaments at z~1?
• On the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes. III. The $\alpha$-element abundances
• A Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Compositions of Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage and Milky Way Satellites using APOGEE
• The Pristine survey XIII: Uncovering the very metal-poor tail of the thin disc
• From giant clumps to clouds -- II. The emergence of thick disc kinematics from the conditions of star formation in high redshift gas rich galaxies
• The Physical Properties of Low Redshift FeLoBAL Quasars. I. Spectral Synthesis Analysis of the BAL Outflows using $SimBAL$
• Metal line emission from galaxy haloes at z~1
• A local measurement of the growth rate from peculiar velocities and galaxy clustering correlations in the 6dF Galaxy Survey
• The Impact of Observing Strategy on Cosmological Constraints with LSST
• The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) III: carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars in the bulge
• An effective description of Laniakea: impact on cosmology and the local determination of the Hubble constant
• The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) V: a chemo-dynamical investigation of the early assembly of the Milky Way with the most metal-poor stars in the bulge
• Korg: a modern 1D LTE spectral synthesis package
• DESI Early Data Release Milky Way Survey Value-Added Catalogue
• Why Cosmic Voids Matter: Nonlinear Structure & Linear Dynamics
• Using Host Galaxy Photometric Redshifts to Improve Cosmological Constraints with Type Ia Supernova in the LSST Era
• Reading the CARDs: the Imprint of Accretion History in the Chemical Abundances of the Milky Way's Stellar Halo
• Identification of a Group III CEMP-no Star in the Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Canes Venatici I
• Combined APOGEE-GALAH stellar catalogues using the Cannon
• Features of Gaia DR3 Spectroscopic Binaries I. Tidal circularization of Main-Sequence Stars
• The observable properties of galaxy accretion events in Milky Way-like galaxies in the FIRE-2 cosmological simulations
• Phase-space Properties and Chemistry of the Sagittarius Stellar Stream Down to the Extremely Metal-poor ($[Fe/H]\lesssim -3$) Regime
• Evidence of First Stars-enriched Gas in High-redshift Absorbers
• Assessing the performance of LTE and NLTE synthetic stellar spectra in a machine learning framework
• The relationship between age, metallicity, and abundances for disk stars in a simulated Milky Way galaxy
• Cosmic metal density evolution in neutral gas: insights from observations and cosmological simulations
• The 3D Lyman-$\alpha$ Forest Power Spectrum from eBOSS DR16
• Improving the selection of changing-look AGNs through multi-wavelength photometric variability
• Exploring the diversity and similarity of radially anisotropic Milky Way-like stellar haloes: implications for disrupted dwarf galaxy searches
• The impact of two massive early accretion events in a Milky Way-like galaxy: repercussions for the buildup of the stellar disc and halo
• Estimating AGN Black Hole Masses via Continuum Reverberation Mapping in the Era of LSST
• Extracting Photometric Redshift from Galaxy Flux and Image Data using Neural Networks in the CSST Survey
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes VIII: Statistical Study of Circumgalactic Medium Gas
• Inferring galaxy dark halo properties from visible matter with Machine Learning
• The Pristine survey -- XV. A CFHT ESPaDOnS view on the Milky Way halo and disc populations
• Stellar Parameters and Chemical Abundances Estimated from LAMOST-II DR8 MRS based on Cycle-StarNet
• Tidally stripped halo stars from the Large Magellanic Cloud in the Galactic North
• Photometric redshift estimates using Bayesian neural networks in the CSST survey
• PISN-explorer: hunting the descendants of very massive first stars
• Symbiotic stars in the era of modern ground- and space-based surveys
• Origin of metals in old Milky Way halo stars based on GALAH and Gaia
• Quasar Factor Analysis -- An Unsupervised and Probabilistic Quasar Continuum Prediction Algorithm with Latent Factor Analysis
• Assessing the accuracy of cosmological parameters estimated from velocity -- density comparisons via simulations
• The cosmic web connection to the dark matter halo distribution through gravity
• Exploring the interaction between the MW and LMC with a large sample of blue horizontal branch stars from the DESI survey
• Detecting Globular Cluster Tidal Extensions with Bayesian Inference: I. Analysis of $\omega$ Centauri with Gaia EDR3
• Constraining planet formation around 6$M_{\odot }$-8$M_{\odot }$ stars
• 1D non-LTE corrections for chemical abundance analyses of very metal-poor stars
• Gas accretion as fuel for residual star formation in Galaxy Zoo elliptical galaxies
• Constraints on the Galactic Centre environment from \textit{Gaia} hypervelocity stars III: Insights on a possible companion to Sgr A*
• Designing an Optimal LSST Deep Drilling Program for Cosmology with Type Ia Supernovae
• A 6-d View of Stellar Shells
• Constraints on the Galactic Centre environment from Gaia hypervelocity stars II: The evolved population
• Cosmological Probes of Structure Growth and Tests of Gravity
• Stellar-mass black holes in the Hyades star cluster?
• Search for Dormant Black Holes in Ellipsoidal Variables III. The OGLE BULGE Short-Period Sample
• On the likelihoods of finding very metal-poor (and old) stars in the Milky Way's disc, bulge, and halo
• Fisher matrix for the one-loop galaxy power spectrum: measuring expansion and growth rates without assuming a cosmological model
• MUSE-ALMA Halos XI: Gas flows in the circumgalactic medium
• Study of the departures from LTE in the unevolved stars infra-red spectra
• Uranium Abundances and Ages of $R$-process Enhanced Stars with Novel U II Lines
• Constraining Cosmic Inflation with Observations: Prospects for 2030
• The ACCEL2 Project: Precision Measurements of EFT Parameters and BAO Peak Shifts for the Lyman-$\alpha$ Forest
• Model-independent way to determine the Hubble constant and the curvature from phase shift of gravitational waves with DECIGO
• Stars in the Local Galactic Thick Disk and Halo in Gaia EDR3: A catalogue of Half a Million Local Main-sequence Stars with Photometric Metallicities
• Wide Area VISTA Extra-galactic Survey (WAVES): Unsupervised star-galaxy separation on the WAVES-Wide photometric input catalogue using UMAP and $\mathrm{HDBSCAN}$
• Quantifying kinematic substructure in star-forming regions with statistical tests of spatial autocorrelation
• The incidence of AGN in galaxies with different stellar population ages
• GalCEM I -- An Open-Source Detailed Isotopic Chemical Evolution Code
• Using GAMA to probe the impact of small-scale galaxy physics on nonlinear redshift-space distortions
• Robust Clustering of the Local Milky Way Stellar Kinematic Substructures with Gaia eDR3
• Neural Stellar Population Synthesis Emulator for the DESI PROVABGS
• Homogeneous Stellar Atmospheric Parameters and 22 Elemental Abundances for FGK Stars Derived From LAMOST Low-resolution Spectra with DD-Payne
• Improving Photometric Redshift Estimates with Training Sample Augmentation
• LMC-driven anisotropic boosts in stream--subhalo interactions
• Impact of tidal environment on galaxy clustering in GAMA
• Optimising a magnitude-limited spectroscopic training sample for photometric classification of supernovae
• Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam excavates colossal over- and under-dense structures over 360 deg2 out to z=1
• Unravelling the mass spectrum of destroyed dwarf galaxies with the metallicity distribution function
• Tidal debris from Omega Centauri discovered with unsupervised machine learning
• Galaxy Spectra neural Network (GaSNet). II. Using Deep Learning for Spectral Classification and Redshift Predictions
• Cool and Data-Driven: An Exploration of Optical Cool Dwarf Chemistry with Both Data-Driven and Physical Models
• Metallicity and $\alpha$-abundance for 48 million stars in low-extinction regions in the Milky Way
• Using peculiar velocity surveys to constrain neutrino masses
• Dark energy reconstruction analysis with artificial neural networks: Application on simulated Supernova Ia data from Rubin Observatory
• APOGEE view of the globular cluster NGC 6544
• Probing galaxy evolution from $z=0$ to $z\simeq 10$ through galaxy scaling relations in three L-Galaxies flavours
• A machine learning approach to photometric metallicities of giant stars
• Spectroscopic follow-up of statistically selected extremely metal-poor star candidates from GALAH DR3
• Tracing the 10${}^7$K Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium with UV absorption lines
• An optimised tiling pattern for multi-object spectroscopic surveys: application to the 4MOST survey
• Emission Line Galaxies in the SHARDS Frontier Fields I: Candidate Selection and the Discovery of Bursty Hα Emitters
• Searching for ejected supernova companions in the era of precise proper motion and radial velocity measurements
• Exploring Alternative Cosmologies with the LSST: Simulated Forecasts and Current Observational Constraints
• FRB Line-of-sight Ionization Measurement From Lightcone AAOmega Mapping Survey: the First Data Release
• Forward and Back: Kinematics of the Palomar 5 Tidal Tails
• Deciphering the Milky Way disc formation time encrypted in the bar chrono-kinematics
• The GALAH Survey: Stellar parameters and abundances for 800,000 Gaia RVS spectra using GALAH DR4 and The Cannon
• A Cohesive Deep Drilling Field Strategy for LSST Cosmology
• Fundamental effective temperature measurements for eclipsing binary stars -- II. The detached F-type eclipsing binary CPD-54 810
• LOTUS: A (non-)LTE Optimization Tool for Uniform derivation of Stellar atmospheric parameters
• Young stars raining through the Galactic Halo: the nature and orbit of Price-Whelan 1
• Kinematics of stellar substructures in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• Efficient Analysis Routines for Single and Double Peaked Type 2 AGN Spectra
• LISA double white dwarf binaries as Galactic accelerometers
• Litmus tests of the flat $\Lambda$CDM model and model-independent measurement of $H_0{r}_{\mathrm{d}}$ with LSST and DESI
• Unveiling the quasar main sequence: illuminating the complexity of active galactic nuclei and their evolution
• A Mystery in Chamaeleon: Serendipitous Discovery of a Galactic Symbiotic Nova
• Kinematic Lensing Inference I: Characterizing Shape Noise with Simulated Analyses
• A Machine Learning Approach to Correct for Mass Resolution Effects in Simulated Halo Clustering Statistics
• A Ghost in Boötes: The Least Luminous Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy
• Analysis of the possible satellite contamination in LAMOST-MRS spectra
• Dynamical streams in the local stellar halo
• Cosmic void exclusion models and their impact on the distance scale measurements from large scale structure
• Validating Stellar Abundance Measurements from Multi-Resolution Spectroscopy
• A Model for the Redshift-Space Galaxy 4-Point Correlation Function
• Observational window effects on multi-object Reverberation Mapping
• AuriDESI: Mock Catalogues for the DESI Milky Way Survey
• Environmental effects on associations of dwarf galaxies
• Universal conditional distribution function of [OII] luminosity of galaxies, and prediction for the [OII] luminosity function at redshift $z<3$
• StarUnLink: identifying and mitigating signals from communications satellites in stellar spectral surveys
• Orbital phase-driven biases in Galactic mass constraints from stellar streams
• Applying machine learning to Galactic Archaeology: how well can we recover the origin of stars in Milky Way-like galaxies?
• Role of Future SNIa Data from Rubin LSST in Reinvestigating Cosmological Models
• Can radial motions in the stellar halo constrain the rate of change of mass in the Galaxy?
• Cross-correlating radial peculiar velocities and CMB lensing convergence
• A model-independent measurement of the expansion and growth rates from BOSS using the FreePower method
• Measurement of the evolving galaxy luminosity and mass function using clustering-based redshift inference
• Effects of Environment on the Size Evolution of Quiescent Galaxies: Comparing Galaxies in Clusters and in the Field at Two Rest-frame Wavelengths
• Recent Advances in Understanding R-Process Nucleosynthesis in Metal-Poor Stars and Stellar Systems
• Harvesting the Lyα forest with convolutional neural networks
• Evolution of Cluster Alignments as Evidence of Large-scale Structure Formation in the Universe
• VST ATLAS Galaxy Cluster Catalogue I: cluster detection and mass calibration
• Chronos --- Taking the pulse of our Galactic neighbourhood (ESA Voyage 2050 White Paper)
• Radial velocities from far red spectra of Carina Arm O and early B stars
• Segue 2 Recently Collided with the Cetus-Palca Stream: New Opportunities to Constrain Dark Matter in an Ultra-Faint Dwarf
• Detecting cosmic voids via maps of geometric-optics parameters
• XGAPS: a sub-arcsecond cross-match of Galactic Plane Surveys
• Lensing Without Borders. I. A Blind Comparison of the Amplitude of Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing Between Independent Imaging Surveys
• 3D intrinsic shapes of quiescent galaxies in observations and simulations
• A new member of the Milky Way's family tree: Characterizing the Pontus merger of our Galaxy
• Improving white dwarfs as chronometers with Gaia parallaxes and spectroscopic metallicities
• The disturbed outer Milky Way disc
• GalSBI: Phenomenological galaxy population model for cosmology using simulation-based inference
• Testing a New Star Formation History Model from Principal Component Analysis to Facilitate Spectral Synthesis Modeling
• The GALAH Survey: A New Sample of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars Using A Machine Learning Classification Algorithm
• Ringing the universe with cosmic emptiness: void properties through a combined analysis of stacked weak gravitational and Doppler lensing
• 3D elemental abundances of stars at formation across the histories of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations
• Functional Data Analysis for Extracting the Intrinsic Dimensionality of Spectra: Application to Chemical Homogeneity in the Open Cluster M67