Globular Cluster Systems of Massive Compact Elliptical Galaxies in the Local Universe: Evidence for Relic Red Nuggets?

Abstract

Nearby massive compact elliptical galaxies (MCEGs) are strong candidates for relic galaxies (i.e. local analogs of red nuggets at high redshifts). It is expected that the globular cluster (GC) systems of relic galaxies are dominated by red (metal-rich) GCs. NGC 1277 is known as a unique example of such a galaxy in the previous study. In this study, we search for GCs in 12 nearby MCEGs at distances of $\lesssim 100$ Mpc from the Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera 3 F814W($I_{814}$)/F160W($H_{160}$) archival images. We find that most of these MCEGs host a rich population of GCs with a color range of $0.0<(I_{814}-H_{160}{)}_0<1.1$. The fractions of their red GCs range from $f_{RGC}=0.2$ to 0.7 with a mean of $f_{RGC}=0.48\pm 0.14$. We divide the MCEG sample into two groups: one in clusters and the other in groups/fields. The mean red GC fraction of the cluster MCEGs is $0.60\pm 0.06$, which is 0.2 larger than the value of the group/field MCEGs, $0.40\pm 0.10$. The value for the cluster MCEGs is $\sim$0.3 larger than the mean value of giant early-type galaxies with similar stellar mass in the Virgo cluster ($f_{RGC}=0.33\pm 0.13$). Our results show that most of the MCEGs in our sample are indeed relic galaxies. This further implies that a majority of the red GCs in MCEGs are formed early in massive galaxies and that most MCEGs in the local universe have rarely undergone mergers after they became red nuggets about 10 Gyr ago.

Accepted for publication in ApJ, 24 pages, 17 figures, 4 tables

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• Relic galaxy analogues in Illustris TNG50: the formation pathways of surviving red nuggets in a cosmological simulation
• The formation of compact massive relic galaxies in MOND
• Tracing the Giant Outer Halo of the Mysterious Massive Disk Galaxy M104 I. Photometry of the Extended Globular Cluster Systems
• The Color Gradients of the Globular Cluster Systems in M87 and M49
• Distinguishing the formation paths of massive compact ETGs through their internal dynamical structures